honeypot link
skip to main content
  • follow us on fb
MSDMSD MANUALVeterinary Manual
VETERINARY PROFESSIONALSPET OWNERSRESOURCESQUIZZESABOUT
homeVETERINARY PROFESSIONALSPET OWNERS
Search icon
  1. Veterinary/
  2. Circulatory System/
  3. Cardiovascular System Introduction/
    Cardiovascular System Introduction
    • The Cardiovascular System in Animals
      • Heart Rate and the Electrocardiogram
      • Force of Ventricular Contraction
      • Oxygen and the Myocardium
      • Hindrance to Blood Flow
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
      • References
    • Abnormalities of the Cardiovascular System in Animals
      • Murmur Genesis and Significance
      • Valvular Disease
      • Myocardial Disease
      • Arrhythmias
      • Vascular Disease
      • Cardiac Shunts
      • Heartworm Disease
      • Common Endpoints of Heart Disease
      • Heart Failure
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    • Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease in Animals
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    • Principles of Therapy of Cardiovascular Disease in Animals
      • Therapeutic Agents
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
      • References
    MSD
    • About
    • Disclaimer
    • Permissions
    • Privacy
    • Cookie Preferences
    • Terms Of Use
    • Partnerships
    • Contact Us
    • Human Health Manuals
    • follow us on fb
    This icon serves as a link to download the eSSENTIAL Accessibility assistive technology app for individuals with physical disabilities. It is featured as part of our commitment to diversity and inclusion.
    • follow us on fb
    This icon serves as a link to download the eSSENTIAL Accessibility assistive technology app for individuals with physical disabilities. It is featured as part of our commitment to diversity and inclusion.
    MSD

    Copyright© 2025Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. All rights reserved.