Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the inside of the abdomen. It is a serious condition in dogs and is often life-threatening, with about half to two-thirds of affected dogs dying. It can occur suddenly or over the long term, and either remain localized to one area of the body or become widespread throughout the body.
Most cases of peritonitis occur when the abdomen becomes inflamed from one or more causes:
from the digestive tract or other organs in the body rupturing or being damaged
from foreign objects penetrating the abdomen from the outside
from surgical complications, wounds, ulcers, tumors, or pancreas or liver problems
from retention of gas within the belly (called "bloat")
Less commonly, peritonitis can be caused by infection spreading through the bloodstream from viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. In some cases, the cause of peritonitis is unknown.
Signs include fever, sepsis (blood poisoning), low blood pressure, bleeding disorders, abdominal pain, vomiting, decreased output of feces due to paralysis (inability to move) of the intestines, abdominal swelling, and fluid buildup in the body. If the digestive tract ruptures and its contents spill into the abdomen, severe, fatal peritonitis can occur quickly because of bacterial toxins.
Diagnosis is based on physical examination, blood tests, imaging (such as x-rays), and analysis of abdominal fluid under the microscope.
Treatment begins with stabilizing the patient by addressing fluid loss, blood imbalances, and clotting problems. The underlying cause must then be identified and corrected or removed. Antibiotics are always used.
Supportive care can include IV (intravenous) fluids and blood transfusions to support and hydrate the body and support the circulation. Anti-inflammatory medications may also be given. Once an animal is stable, surgery is often required to repair the source of infection and remove infected material from the abdomen thoroughly. Surgical drains may be placed to continue removing infected fluid from the abdomen after surgery. Antibiotics are continued after the operation, and nutritional support might be needed if the animal isn't eating.
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Also see professional content regarding peritonitis.
