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Some Reproductive Parameters of Male Llamas and Alpacas

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Generic Drug Names A - Z

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Learn about SectionName symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in the MSD Manual. HCP and Vet versions too!

Parameter	Guideline
Time of testicular descent	At birth
Testicular size in adults	2 × 4 cm (alpacas) 3 × 6 cm (llamas)
Start of puberty	Androgen production starts between 8 and 14 months of age, but penile frenulum does not break down until 18–24 months
Normal semen characteristics	Milky to translucent, viscous
Normal volume of single ejaculate	0.3–0.7 mL
Percentage of sperm motility/ejaculate	40%–80% (alpaca) 60%–80% (llama)
Sperm concentration in ejaculate	30 to 170 ×10³/mm³ (alpacas) 60 to 188 × 10³/mm³ (llamas)
Percentage of live sperm/ejaculate	65%–90% (alpacas) 81%–90% (llamas)