Table: Reproductive Measures and Dietary Nutrient Requirements of Gestating and Lactating Sowsa,b-MSD Veterinary Manual

Reproductive Measures and Dietary Nutrient Requirements of Gestating and Lactating Sows^a,b

	-------Gestation-------		Lactation (21-day)
Reproductive Measures
Parity	1	3		1	2+
Body weight at breeding (kg)	140	185		--	--
Anticipated gestation weight gain (kg)	65.0	52.2		--	--
Anticipated litter size	12.5	13.5		--	--
Day of gestation	0–90	90–115	0–90	90–115		--	--
	_______	_______	_______	_______		--	--
Body weight postfarrowing (kg)	--	--	--	--		175	210
Litter size	--	--	--	--		11	11.5
Daily weight gain of nursing pigs (g)	--	--	--	--		230	230

Nutrient Requirements
NE content of diet (kcal/kg)^c	2,518	2,518	2,518	2,518		2,518	2,518
DE content of diet (kcal/kg)^c	3,388	3,388	3,388	3,388		3,388	3,388
ME content of diet (kcal/kg)^c	3,300	3,300	3,300	3,300		3,300	3,300
Estimated ME intake (kcal/day)	6,678	7,932	6,928	8,182		18,700	20,700
Estimated feed intake (g/day) + wastage^d	2,130	2,530	2,210	2,610		5,950	6,610
Body wt gain (g/day)	578	543	472	408		--	--
Body wt loss (21-day lactation, kg)	--	--	--	--		7.7	5.8
*Amino acids, total (%)*^e
Arginine	0.32	0.42	0.23	0.32		0.50	0.48
Histidine	0.22	0.27	0.16	0.20		0.37	0.36
Isoleucine	0.36	0.43	0.27	0.33		0.52	0.50
Leucine	0.55	0.75	0.41	0.59		1.05	1.01
Lysine	0.61	0.80	0.45	0.62		0.93	0.90
Methionine	0.18	0.23	0.13	0.18		0.25	0.24
Methionine + cystine	0.41	0.54	0.32	0.44		0.51	0.49
Phenylalanine	0.34	0.44	0.25	0.35		0.51	0.49
Phenylalanine + tyrosine	0.61	0.79	0.46	0.62		1.07	1.03
Threonine	0.46	0.58	0.37	0.48		0.62	0.60
Tryptophan	0.11	0.15	0.09	0.13		0.18	0.17
Valine	0.45	0.58	0.34	0.46		0.81	0.78
Approximate crude protein^f	11.9	14.7	9.6	12.0		16.6	16.1
*Minerals*
Calcium (%)	0.61	0.83	0.49	0.72		0.71	0.68
Phosphorus, total (%)^g	0.49	0.62	0.41	0.55		0.62	0.60
STTD phosphorus (%)^g	0.27	0.36	0.21	0.31		0.36	0.34
ATTD phosphorus (%)^g	0.23	0.31	0.18	0.27		0.31	0.29
Sodium (%)	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15		0.20	0.20
Chlorine (%)	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12		0.16	0.16
Magnesium (%)	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06		0.06	0.06
Potassium (%)	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20		0.20	0.20
Copper (ppm)	10.00	10	10	10		20	20
Iodine (ppm)	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14		0.14	0.14
Iron (ppm)	80	80	80	80		80	80
Manganese (ppm)	25	25	25	25		25	25
Selenium (ppm)	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15		0.15	0.15
Zinc (ppm)	100	100	100	100		100	100
*Vitamins and fatty acids*
Vitamin A (IU/kg)^h	4,000	4,000	4,000	4,000		2,000	2,000
Vitamin D (IU/kg)^h	800	800	800	800		800	800
Vitamin E (IU/kg)^h	44	44	44	44		44	44
Vitamin K (menadione, mg/kg)	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50		0.50	0.50
Biotin (mg/kg)	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20		0.20	0.20
Choline (g/kg)	1.25	1.25	1.25	1.25		1.00	1.00
Folacin (mg/kg)	1.30	1.30	1.30	1.30		1.30	1.30
Niacin, available (mg/kg)ⁱ	10	10	10	10		10	10
Pantothenic acid (mg/kg)	12	12	12	12		12	12
Riboflavin (mg/kg)	3.75	3.75	3.75	3.75		3.75	3.75
Thiamine (mg/kg)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00
Vitamin B₆ (mg/kg)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00
Vitamin B₁₂ (mcg/kg)	15	15	15	15		15	15
Linoleic acid (%)	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10		0.10	0.10
^a Adapted, with permission, from Nutrient Requirements of Swine (2012), National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
^b Estimates of amino acid, calcium, and phosphorus requirements during gestation differ for parity 1, 2, 3, and 4+ sows, stage of gestation, body weight at breeding, anticipated litter size, and other factors. Requirements for these nutrients during lactation differ for parity 1 and 2+ sows, body weight after farrowing, litter size, and other factors. For additional information, see Nutrient Requirements of Swine (2012), National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
^c NE = net energy, DE = digestible energy, ME = metabolizable energy. Dietary energy contents related to corn and soybean meal–based diets. DE and ME are calculated from NE.
^d Assumes 5% feed wastage.
^e Total amino acid requirements apply to corn-soybean meal–based diets.
^f The calculated crude protein levels are based on corn-soybean meal diets containing 0.1% supplemental lysine and 3% minerals and vitamins.
^g STTD = standardized total tract digestible, ATTD = apparent total tract digestible, ATTD phosphorus and total phosphorus requirements apply to corn and soybean meal–based diets.
^h Conversions: 1 IU vitamin A = 0.30 mcg retinol or 0.344 mcg retinyl acetate; 1 IU vitamin D₂ or D₃ = 0.025 mcg cholecalciferol; 1 IU vitamin E = 0.67 mg of D-α-tocopherol or 1 mg of DL-α-tocopherol acetate.
ⁱ The niacin in corn, grain sorghum, wheat, and barley is unavailable. Similarly, the niacin in byproducts made from these cereal grains is poorly available unless the by-products have undergone fermentation or wet-milling process.

-------Gestation-------

Lactation (21-day)

Reproductive Measures

Parity

Body weight at breeding (kg)

140

185

Anticipated gestation weight gain (kg)

65.0

52.2

Anticipated litter size

12.5

13.5

Day of gestation

0–90

90–115

0–90

90–115

_______

Body weight postfarrowing (kg)

175

210

Litter size

11.5

Daily weight gain of nursing pigs (g)

230

Nutrient Requirements

NE content of diet (kcal/kg)^c

2,518

DE content of diet (kcal/kg)^c

3,388

ME content of diet (kcal/kg)^c

3,300

Estimated ME intake (kcal/day)

6,678

7,932

6,928

8,182

18,700

20,700

Estimated feed intake (g/day) + wastage^d

2,130

2,530

2,210

2,610

5,950

6,610

Body wt gain (g/day)

578

543

472

408

Body wt loss (21-day lactation, kg)

7.7

5.8

Amino acids, total (%)^e

Arginine

0.32

0.42

0.23

0.32

0.50

0.48

Histidine

0.22

0.27

0.16

0.20

0.37

0.36

Isoleucine

0.36

0.43

0.27

0.33

0.52

0.50

Leucine

0.55

0.75

0.41

0.59

1.05

1.01

Lysine

0.61

0.80

0.45

0.62

0.93

0.90

Methionine

0.18

0.23

0.13

0.18

0.25

0.24

Methionine + cystine

0.41

0.54

0.32

0.44

0.51

0.49

Phenylalanine

0.34

0.44

0.25

0.35

0.51

0.49

Phenylalanine + tyrosine

0.61

0.79

0.46

0.62

1.07

1.03

Threonine

0.46

0.58

0.37

0.48

0.62

0.60

Tryptophan

0.11

0.15

0.09

0.13

0.18

0.17

Valine

0.45

0.58

0.34

0.46

0.81

0.78

Approximate crude protein^f

11.9

14.7

9.6

12.0

16.6

16.1

Minerals

Calcium (%)

0.61

0.83

0.49

0.72

0.71

0.68

Phosphorus, total (%)^g

0.49

0.62

0.41

0.55

0.62

0.60

STTD phosphorus (%)^g

0.27

0.36

0.21

0.31

0.36

0.34

ATTD phosphorus (%)^g

0.23

0.31

0.18

0.27

0.31

0.29

Sodium (%)

0.15

0.20

Chlorine (%)

0.12

0.16

Magnesium (%)

0.06

Potassium (%)

0.20

Copper (ppm)

10.00

Iodine (ppm)

0.14

Iron (ppm)

Manganese (ppm)

Selenium (ppm)

0.15

Zinc (ppm)

100

Vitamins and fatty acids

Vitamin A (IU/kg)^h

4,000

2,000

Vitamin D (IU/kg)^h

800

Vitamin E (IU/kg)^h

Vitamin K (menadione, mg/kg)

0.50

Biotin (mg/kg)

0.20

Choline (g/kg)

1.25

1.00

Folacin (mg/kg)

1.30

Niacin, available (mg/kg)ⁱ

Pantothenic acid (mg/kg)

Riboflavin (mg/kg)

3.75

Thiamine (mg/kg)

1.00

Vitamin B₆ (mg/kg)

1.00

Vitamin B₁₂ (mcg/kg)

Linoleic acid (%)

0.10

^a Adapted, with permission, from Nutrient Requirements of Swine (2012), National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.

^b Estimates of amino acid, calcium, and phosphorus requirements during gestation differ for parity 1, 2, 3, and 4+ sows, stage of gestation, body weight at breeding, anticipated litter size, and other factors. Requirements for these nutrients during lactation differ for parity 1 and 2+ sows, body weight after farrowing, litter size, and other factors. For additional information, see Nutrient Requirements of Swine (2012), National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.

^c NE = net energy, DE = digestible energy, ME = metabolizable energy. Dietary energy contents related to corn and soybean meal–based diets. DE and ME are calculated from NE.

^d Assumes 5% feed wastage.

^e Total amino acid requirements apply to corn-soybean meal–based diets.

^f The calculated crude protein levels are based on corn-soybean meal diets containing 0.1% supplemental lysine and 3% minerals and vitamins.

^g STTD = standardized total tract digestible, ATTD = apparent total tract digestible, ATTD phosphorus and total phosphorus requirements apply to corn and soybean meal–based diets.

^h Conversions: 1 IU vitamin A = 0.30 mcg retinol or 0.344 mcg retinyl acetate; 1 IU vitamin D₂ or D₃ = 0.025 mcg cholecalciferol; 1 IU vitamin E = 0.67 mg of D-α-tocopherol or 1 mg of DL-α-tocopherol acetate.

ⁱ The niacin in corn, grain sorghum, wheat, and barley is unavailable. Similarly, the niacin in byproducts made from these cereal grains is poorly available unless the by-products have undergone fermentation or wet-milling process.