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MSD MANUAL
Veterinary Manual
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Musculoskeletal System
Osteoarthritis in Dogs and Cats
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Osteoarthritis in Dogs and Cats
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Weight Optimization
Regular, Controlled Exercise
Fatty Acid Supplementation
NSAID Therapy
Chondroprotectants
Anti–Nerve Growth Factor Monoclonal Antibodies
Other Pain-Modifying Analgesic Drugs
Interventional Joint Treatments
Surgical Options
Other Nonpharmacological Interventions
Key Points
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References