Large animal neonates are born immunocompetent but lack antibodies. In their first few hours of life, neonates must suckle good quality colostrum from the dam to obtain maternal antibodies (immunoglobulins). Which of the following factors might compromise the quality of colostrum?

Disease during gestation
Late-gestation vaccination of dam
Maternal rejection of neonate
Neonatal prematurity

Urine Volume and Specific Gravity

By

Susan E. Fielder

, DVM, MS, DACVP (Clinical Pathology), Oklahoma State University

Last full review/revision Oct 2015 | Content last modified Oct 2015

Topic Resources

Urine Volume and Specific Gravity

Species	Volume (mL/kg body wt/day)	Specific Gravity (range)
Cat	10–20	1.020–1.040
Cow	17–45	1.030–1.045
Dog	20–100	1.016–1.060
Goat	10–40	1.015–1.045
Horse	3–18	1.025–1.060
Pig	5–30	1.010–1.050
Sheep	10–40	1.015–1.045
Adapted from Reece WO, Kidney Function in Mammals, in Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals, 12th ed., Reece WO, Ed. Copyright 2004 by Cornell University.

Resting Respiratory Rates

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Blood-Gas Reference Ranges

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