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Myopathy Type
Differential Diagnoses
Non-exercise-associated Rhabdomyolysis
Inflammatory
Clostridial myositis Clostridial Myositis Necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle may occur in association with viral diseases such as equine influenza and equine infectious anemia. In most situations, viral-induced muscle damage represents... read more
Influenza myositis
Sarcocystis myositis Sarcocystis Myositis Necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle may occur in association with viral diseases such as equine influenza and equine infectious anemia. In most situations, viral-induced muscle damage represents... read more
Anaplasmosis Anaplasmosis in Ruminants Anaplasmosis is a tickborne disease of ruminants caused by intracellular bacteria that infect red blood cells, causing fever and anemia. Diagnosis relies upon Giemsa-stained blood smears and... read more
Immune-mediated myositis
Toxic
Ionophore toxicity
Senna occidentalis
Rayless goldenrod/white snakeroot
Hypoglycin A in box elder and European sycamore trees
Traumatic
Compressive anesthetic myopathy
Trauma
Genetic
Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency Few mitochondrial myopathies have been described in horses. In a reported case, a deficiency of mitochondrial complex I (NADH coenzyme Q oxidoreductase)—an enzyme catalyzing the first step in... read more in Quarter Horse foals
Polysaccharide storage myopathy types 1 Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Exertional myopathy in horses is a syndrome of muscle fatigue, pain, or cramping associated with exercise. Less common exertional myopathies that cause exercise intolerance without muscle necrosis... read more and 2 Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Malignant hyperthermia Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in Quarter Horses
Myosin heavy chain myopathy (Quarter Horse-related breeds)
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Sporadic exertional rhabdomyolysis Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Exertional myopathy in horses is a syndrome of muscle fatigue, pain, or cramping associated with exercise. Less common exertional myopathies that cause exercise intolerance without muscle necrosis... read more
Focal muscle strain
Overexertion, dietary imbalances, vitamins, minerals, electrolytes
Chronic exertional rhabdomyolysis Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Exertional myopathy in horses is a syndrome of muscle fatigue, pain, or cramping associated with exercise. Less common exertional myopathies that cause exercise intolerance without muscle necrosis... read more
Polysaccharide storage myopathy types 1 Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis and 2 Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Malignant hyperthermia Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Idiopathic chronic exertional rhabdomyolysis
Exertional Myopathy with Normal CK activity
Mitochondrial myopathy Mitochondrial Myopathy Few mitochondrial myopathies have been described in horses. In a reported case, a deficiency of mitochondrial complex I (NADH coenzyme Q oxidoreductase)—an enzyme catalyzing the first step in... read more
Polysaccharide storage myopathy type 2 Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Myofibrillar myopathy
Muscle Atrophy
Myogenic atrophy
Severe rhabdomyolysis
Disuse
Cushing disease Cushing Syndrome (Hyperadrenocorticism) Cushing syndrome refers to any cause of elevated cortisol concentrations. Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH; Cushing disease) is the most common form of hyperadrenocorticism and... read more
Immune-mediated myositis Immune-mediated myositis Purpura hemorrhagica is an acute, immune-mediated, necrotizing vasculitis (type III hypersensitivity) associated with sensitization and cross-reactivity to proteins in the cell wall of Streptococcus... read more (rapid atrophy)
Vitamin E–responsive myopathy
Homozygous polysaccharide storage myopathy type 1 Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Neurogenic atrophy
Equine protozoal myelitis
Local nerve trauma
Equine motor neuron disease Overview of Central Nervous System Diseases in Animals Caused by Helminths and Arthropods A number of metazoan parasites (helminths and arthropods) can cause central nervous system diseases in animals and may be categorized as described as follows. Zoonotic conditions are also noted... read more
Idiopathic peripheral neuropathy
Toxic peripheral neuropathies
Muscle Fasciculations
Pain, fear
Weakness ( botulism Botulism in Animals Botulism most commonly results from ingestion of toxin in food. The usual source of the toxin is decaying carcasses or vegetable material. Clinical signs are caused by flaccid muscle paralysis... read more , chronic debilitation)
Electrolyte abnormalities
Vitamin E–responsive myopathy Vitamin E–Responsive Myopathy Young, rapidly growing foals born to dams that consumed selenium-deficient diets during gestation can develop nutritional myodegeneration. Selenium deficiency has also been implicated in masseter... read more
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis Myotonic muscle disorders share the feature of delayed relaxation of muscle after mechanical stimulation or voluntary contraction due to abnormal muscle membrane conduction. Horses have three... read more
Hypokalemia
Otobius megnini (ear tick) infestation
Myotonic dystrophy Myotonia Congenita and Dystrophica Myotonic muscle disorders share the feature of delayed relaxation of muscle after mechanical stimulation or voluntary contraction due to abnormal muscle membrane conduction. Horses have three... read more
Stiff horse syndrome
Shivers Shivers Muscle cramping is a painful condition that arises from hyperactivity of motor units caused by repetitive firing of the peripheral nervous system or CNS. The origin of the cramp in most cases... read more