honeypot link
pular para o conteúdo principal
  • siga-nos no fb
MSD Vet Manual LogoMANUAL MSDManual de veterinária
PROFISSIONAIS VETERINÁRIOSDONOS DE ANIMAIS DE ESTIMAÇÃORECURSOSINFORMAÇÕES SOBRE
homePROFISSIONAIS VETERINÁRIOSDONOS DE ANIMAIS DE ESTIMAÇÃO
Search icon
  1. <Considerações gerais para donos de animais de estimação
    Horse Owners
    Introduction to Horses
    • Description and Physical Characteristics of Horses
      • How Long Do Horses Typically Live?
      • How Do Horses Regulate Their Body Temperature?
      • Do Horses Sense Things the Same Way People Do?
        • Vision
        • Hearing
        • Smell and Taste
      • How Do Horses Run So Well?
      • What Is a Horse’s Coat Like?
      • What Do Horses Eat?
    Selecting and Providing a Home for a Horse
    • Selecting a Horse
      • What Type of Horse Should I Get?
      • Should I Get a Male or Female Horse? Young or Older?
      • How Do I Know If a Horse is Healthy?
      • Where Can I Buy a Horse?
    • Providing a Home for a Horse
      • Where Would My Horse Live?
      • How Do I Care for My Horse During Winter?
      • How Do I Care for My Horse During Summer?
      • What Does a Horse Eat?
      • Does a Horse Need Exercise?
    Routine Care of Horses
    • Routine Health Care of Horses
      • When Should My Horse See a Veterinarian?
      • How Can I Tell If My Horse Is Sick?
      • How Do I Give Medication to My Horse?
    • Vaccinations for a Horse
    • Horse Parasites and Flies
      • How Do I Prevent Flies?
    • Dental, Coat, and Hoof Care of Horses
      • How Do I Care for My Horse’s Teeth?
      • Should I Wash or Brush My Horse?
      • How Do I Care for My Horse’s Hooves?
      • Should My Horse Wear Shoes?
    Behavior of Horses
    • Introduction to Behavior of Horses
      • For More Information
    • Diagnosing Behavior Problems in Horses
      • Defining the Problem
      • For More Information
    • Normal Social Behavior in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Behavior Problems in Horses
      • Aggression
      • Eating Disorders
      • Stereotypic Behaviors
      • Sexual Behavior Problems
      • Foal Rejection
      • Fear and Phobia
      • For More Information
    • Treatment of Behavior Problems in Horses
      • Behavior Modification in Horses
      • Use of Medication to Treat Behavior Problems
      • For More Information
    Blood Disorders of Horses
    • Introduction to Blood Disorders of Horses
      • For More Information
    • Red Blood Cells of Horses
      • For More Information
    • White Blood Cells of Horses
      • Phagocytes
      • Lymphocytes
      • For More Information
    • Platelets of Horses
      • For More Information
    • Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions in Horses
      • Blood Typing
      • Blood Transfusions
      • For More Information
    • Anemia in Horses
      • Signs and Diagnosis of Anemia
      • Regenerative Anemias
      • Nonregenerative Anemias
        • Bone Marrow Diseases
      • For More Information
    • Blood Parasites of Horses
      • Babesiosis
      • African Trypanosomiasis (Tsetse Fly Disease)
      • Surra (Trypanosoma evansi Infection)
      • Dourine
      • For More Information
    • Bleeding Disorders of Horses
      • Congenital Clotting Protein Disorders
      • Acquired Clotting Protein Disorders
      • Platelet Disorders
      • Blood Vessel Disorders
      • Excessive Blood Clotting Disorders
      • For More Information
    • White Blood Cell Disorders of Horses
      • Leukemia and Lymphoma
      • For More Information
    • Lymphangitis in Horses
      • Pigeon Fever (False Strangles)
      • For More Information
    Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders in Horses
    • Introduction to Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Components of the Musculoskeletal System of Horses
      • For More Information
    • Overview of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Lameness in Horses
      • The Lameness Examination
        • Imaging Techniques
        • Regional Analgesia
      • For More Information
    • Birth Defect Disorders of Bones, Joints, and Muscles in Horses
      • Glycogen Storage Disease (Glycogenosis)
      • Arthrogryposis (Congenital Joint Rigidity)
      • Digit Malformation
      • Angular Limb Deformities
      • Dwarfism
      • Defects of the Spine
      • Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
      • Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency
      • For More Information
    • Developmental Orthopedic Disease in Horses
      • Osteochondrosis (Osteochondritis Dissecans)
        • Treatment and Outlook
      • Physitis
      • Contracted Flexor Tendons (Club Foot, Knuckling, Flexural Deformities)
      • Scapulohumeral Dysplasia
      • For More Information
    • Disorders Associated with Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D in Horses
      • Osteomalacia (Adult Rickets, Bran Disease)
      • Enzootic Calcinosis
      • For More Information
    • Joint Disorders in Horses
      • Arthritis
        • Traumatic Arthritis
        • Osteochondrosis (Osteochondritis Dissecans)
        • Cysts beneath the Cartilage (Subchondral Cysts)
        • Septic Arthritis
        • Osteoarthritis
      • Bursitis
        • Capped Elbow and Hock
      • Tendinitis(Bowed Tendon)
      • Tenosynovitis
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Foot in Horses
      • Sole Bruises and Abscesses
      • Canker
      • Contracted Heels
      • Fracture of the Coffin Bone
      • Keratoma
      • Laminitis (Founder)
        • Signs and Diagnosis
        • Treatment and Outlook
      • Navicular Disease
      • Pedal Osteitis
      • Puncture Wounds of the Foot
      • Quittor
      • Sandcrack (Toe Crack, Quarter Crack, Heel Crack)
      • Scratches (Greasy Heel, Dew Poisoning, Pastern Dermatitis)
      • White Line Disease (Seedy Toe, Hollow Wall)
      • Sheared Heels
      • Sidebone
      • Thrush
    • Disorders of the Fetlock and Pastern in Horses
      • Fractures of Phalanges and Proximal Sesamoids
      • Ringbone
      • Sesamoiditis
      • Villonodular Synovitis (Chronic Proliferative Synovitis)
      • Digital Sheath Tenosynovitis (Windgalls, Windpuffs)
    • Disorders of the Carpus and Metacarpus in Horses
      • Bucked Shins (Sore Shins, Saucer Fractures)
      • Desmitis or Sprain of the Inferior Check Ligament
      • Fracture of the Carpal Bones
        • Chip Fragments (Carpal Chip Fractures)
        • Carpal Slab Fractures
        • Accessory Carpal Fractures
      • Fractures of the Splint Bones
      • Fracture of the Cannon Bone
      • Hygroma
      • Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease) of the Carpus
      • Rupture of the Common Digital Extensor Tendon
      • Splints
      • Inflammation of the Suspensory Ligament (Suspensory Desmitis)
        • Inflammation of the Top Third of the Suspensory Ligament (Proximal Suspensory Desmitis)
        • Inflammation of the Body of the Suspensory Ligament
        • Inflammation of the Branches of the Suspensory Ligament
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Shoulder and Elbow in Horses
      • Arthritis of the Shoulder or Elbow Joints
      • Bicipital Bursitis
      • Elbow Fractures
      • Shoulder Fractures
      • Sweeney (Shoulder Atrophy)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Tarsus in Horses
      • Bog Spavin (Inflammation of the Hock Joint)
      • Bone Spavin
      • Curb
      • Displacement of the Superficial Flexor Tendon from the Point of the Hock
      • Fracture of the Tarsus
      • Hindlimb Tendon and Muscle Ruptures
      • Stringhalt
      • Thoroughpin
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Stifle in Horses
      • Fracture of the Stifle
      • Gonitis
      • Dislocation of the Kneecap (Patella)
      • Bone Cyst beneath Cartilage
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Hip in Horses
      • Coxitis
      • Dislocation of the Hip
      • Pelvic Fracture
      • Trochanteric Bursitis (“Whirlbone” Lameness)
    • Disorders of the Back in Horses
      • Fractures
      • Muscle and Ligament Strain
      • Degenerative Diseases of the Spine
      • Kissing Spine Syndrome
      • Sacroiliac Injury (Dislocation, Strain, Arthrosis, Hunter’s Bumps)
      • For More Information
    • Muscle Disorders in Horses
      • Nutritional Myopathies of Horses
        • Selenium or Vitamin E Deficiency
      • Exertional Myopathies in Horses
        • Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (Tying Up)
        • Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
        • Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
      • Infectious Myopathies in Horses
        • Virus-associated Myositis
        • Sarcocystis Myositis
        • Anaplasma-associated Rhabdomyolysis
        • Strangles-associated Myositis
        • Clostridial Myositis
        • Muscle Abscesses
      • Toxic Myopathies
        • Ionophore Toxicity
        • Plant Intoxication
      • Circulatory Disturbances
      • Fibrotic and Ossifying Myopathy in Quarter Horses
      • Immune-mediated Myositis
      • For More Information
    Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders of Horses
    • The Nervous System of Horses
      • For More Information
    • Parts of the Nervous System in Horses
      • Neurons
        • Types of Neurons
      • For More Information
    • Overview of Nervous System Disorders in Horses
      • Mechanisms of Disease
      • For More Information
    • The Neurologic Evaluation in Horses
      • The Neurologic Examination
        • Evaluation of the Cranial Nerves
        • Evaluation of Gait (Walking)
        • Evaluation of the Neck and Front Legs
        • Evaluation of the Torso, Hind Legs, Anus, and Tail
      • Laboratory Tests and Imaging
      • For More Information
    • Principles of Therapy of the Nervous System in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Nervous System in Horses
      • Forebrain (Cerebral) Disorders
      • Cerebellar Disorders
      • Spinal Cord Disorders
      • Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Disorders
      • For More Information
    • Diseases of the Peripheral Nerves in Horses
      • Degenerative Diseases
      • Inflammatory Diseases
      • Diseases Caused by Toxins
      • Injury and Trauma
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Spinal Column and Cord in Horses
      • Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases
        • Bacterial Diseases
        • Viral Diseases
        • Fungal Diseases
        • Protozoal Diseases
        • Parasitic Diseases
      • Injury and Trauma
      • Poisoning and Toxic Disorders
      • Vascular Diseases
      • For More Information
    • Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis (Encephalitis)
      • Risk to People
      • For More Information
    • Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
      • For More Information
    • Facial Paralysis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Central Nervous System Disorders Caused by Parasites in Horses
      • Roundworms
      • Disease Caused by Insects
      • For More Information
    • Neonatal Encephalopathy in Foals (Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome)
      • For More Information
    • Leg Paralysis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Meningitis and Encephalitis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Rabies in Horses
      • Risk of Passing Rabies to People
      • For More Information
    • West Nile Encephalomyelitis in Horses
      • Transmission to People
      • For More Information
    Digestive Disorders of Horses
    • Introduction to Digestive Disorders of Horses
      • General Signs of Digestive System Disorders
      • Examination of the Digestive System
      • Infectious Diseases
      • Noninfectious Diseases
      • Treatment Overview of Digestive System Disorders
        • Treatment and Control of Infectious Disease
      • For More Information
    • Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Digestive System in Horses
      • Mouth
      • Teeth
      • Cysts of the Head and Neck
      • Hernias
      • Stomach
      • Small and Large Intestine
      • Liver
      • For More Information
    • Dental Development of Horses
      • Estimation of Age by Examination of the Teeth
      • For More Information
    • Dental Disorders of Horses
      • Signs of Dental Problems
      • Dental Examination and Preventive Care
      • Birth Defects and Developmental Abnormalities
      • Abnormal Tooth Eruption
      • Irregular Tooth Wear (Enamel Points)
        • Wave Mouth and Step Mouth
      • Gum Disease
      • Tooth Decay
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Mouth in Horses
      • Lip Lacerations
      • Paralysis of the Tongue
      • Oral Tumors
      • Slaframine Poisoning
      • Inflammation of the Mouth (Stomatitis)
      • Papillar Stomatitis
      • For More Information
    • Pharyngeal Paralysis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Esophagus in Horses
      • Obstruction of the Esophagus (Choke)
      • Esophageal Strictures (Narrowing)
      • Tumors of the Esophagus in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Stomach (Gastric) Ulcers in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Gastrointestinal Obstruction (Blockages) in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Colic in Horses
      • Treatment
        • Pain Relief
        • Fluid Treatment
        • Protection against Bacterial Endotoxins
        • Intestinal Lubricants and Laxatives
        • Deworming Treatments
        • Surgery
        • Outcomes for Colic
      • Specific Causes of Colic and their Treatment
        • Distention and Rupture of the Stomach
        • Obstruction of the Small or Large Intestine
        • Adhesions
        • Inflammation of the Small Intestine
        • Lipomas
        • Twisting or Displacement of the Small or Large Intestine
        • Inguinal Hernia
        • Enteroliths (Intestinal Stones)
      • For More Information
    • Intestinal Disorders Other than Colic in Horses
      • Salmonellosis
      • Potomac Horse Fever
      • Clostridia-associated Intestinal Inflammation
      • Colitis-X
      • Coronavirus in Horses
      • Parasites
      • Intestinal Disease Caused by Eating Sand or Dirt
      • Gastrointestinal Tumors
      • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
      • Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Toxicity
      • Small-intestinal Fibrosis in Horses
      • Malabsorption and Maldigestion
        • Treatment
        • Foals with Lactase Deficiency (Lactose Intolerance)
      • Other Causes of Diarrhea in Horses
      • Diarrhea in Foals
        • Foal Heat Diarrhea
        • Bacterial Diarrhea
        • Viral Diarrhea in Foals
        • Miscellaneous Causes of Diarrhea in Foals
      • For More Information
    • Gastrointestinal Parasites of Horses
      • Stomach Worms (Habronema and Draschia)
      • Ascarids
      • Horse Bots
      • Large Strongyles
      • Small Strongyles
      • Small Stomach Worm (Trichostrongylus)
      • Strongyloides
      • Tapeworms
      • Protozoa
        • Cryptosporidiosis
        • Giardiasis
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Liver in Horses
      • Signs of Liver Insufficiency
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment and Management
      • Acute Hepatitis (Short-term Liver Inflammation)
        • Idiopathic Acute Liver Disease (Serum Sickness, Theiler’s Disease)
      • Tyzzer Disease
      • Cholangiohepatitis
      • Poisons Affecting the Liver
      • Gallstones (Biliary Calculi, Choleliths)
      • Chronic Active Hepatitis
      • Hyperlipemia and Hepatic Lipidosis
      • Liver Tumors in Horses
      • Liver Failure in Foals
      • Primary Hyperammonemia
      • Hyperammonemia of Morgan Weanlings
      • Portosystemic Shunts
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Rectum and Anus in Horses
      • Rectal and Anorectal Narrowing (Strictures)
      • Rectal Prolapse
      • Rectal Tears
      • For More Information
    Ear Disorders of Horses
    • Ear Structure and Function in Horses
      • Physical Examination
    • Deafness in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Outer Ear in Horses
      • Ticks
      • Mites
      • Sarcoids
      • Flies
      • Aural Plaques (Papillary Acanthoma or Ear Papillomas)
      • Frostbite
      • Immune-mediated Diseases
        • For More Information
    • Otitis Externa in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Otitis Media and Interna in Horses
      • For More Information
    Eye Disorders of Horses
    • Eye Structure and Function in Horses
      • Physical Examination of the Eye
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Eyelids in Horses
      • Entropion
      • Lacerations of the Eyelid
      • Inflammation of the Eyelids (Blepharitis)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Nasal Cavity and Tear Ducts in Horses
      • Absence of Nasal Tear Duct Openings
      • Inflammation of the Tear Sac (Dacryocystitis)
      • Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Conjunctiva in Horses
      • Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Cornea in Horses
      • Inflammation of the Outer Cornea (Superficial Keratitis)
      • Inflammation within the Cornea (Interstitial Keratitis)
      • Corneal Ulcers (Ulcerative Keratitis)
      • Corneal Abscesses
      • Corneal Lacerations
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Anterior Uvea in Horses
      • Persistent Membranes across the Pupil
      • Cysts of the Iris
      • Anterior Uveitis (Iridocyclitis)
      • Bleeding Within the Eyeball (Hyphema)
      • Equine Recurrent Uveitis (Periodic Ophthalmia, Moon Blindness)
      • For More Information
    • Glaucoma in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Lens in Horses
      • Cataracts
      • Lens Displacement
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Retina, Choroid, and Optic Disk (Ocular Fundus) in Horses
      • Inflammation of the Retina and Choroid (Chorioretinitis)
      • Retinal Detachments
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Optic Nerve in Horses
      • Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
      • Optic Nerve Atrophy
      • Optic Neuritis
      • Proliferative Optic Neuropathy
      • For More Information
    • Prolapse of the Eye in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Eyeworm Disease (Thelaziasis) in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Cancers and Tumors of the Eye in Horses
      • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
      • Equine Sarcoids
      • For More Information
    • Eye Disorders Resulting from Generalized Disease in Horses
      • For More Information
    Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders of Horses
    • Introduction to Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders of Horses
      • Heart Rate
      • Heart Sounds and Murmurs
      • Arrhythmias
      • Pulse
      • For More Information
    • Heart Disease and Heart Failure in Horses
      • Abnormalities of the Cardiovascular System
      • For More Information
    • Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease in Horses
      • General Signs of Cardiovascular Disease
      • For More Information
    • Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Horses
      • Common Types of Drugs for Cardiovascular Disease
    • Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Cardiovascular System in Horses
      • Detecting Congenital Heart Defects
      • General Treatment and Outlook
      • Common Congenital Heart Defects
        • Ventricular Septal Defects
        • Patent Ductus Arteriosus
        • Tetralogy of Fallot
        • Tricuspid Dysplasia (Atresia)
      • For More Information
    • Heart Failure in Horses
      • Signs
      • Treatment
      • For More Information
    • Acquired Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders in Horses
      • Degenerative Valve Disease
      • Myocarditis
      • Infective Endocarditis
      • Pericardial Disease
      • High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
    • Blood Clots and Aneurysms in Horses
      • Signs and Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • For More Information
    Hormonal Disorders of Horses
    • Introduction to Hormonal Disorders of Horses
      • The Endocrine System
      • Development of Endocrine System Disease
      • Treatment of Endocrine System Disease
    Immune Disorders of Horses
    • The Immune System of Horses
      • Physical Barriers
      • Nonspecific Immunity
      • Specific Immunity
      • Mounting an Immune Response
      • Types of Immune System Disorders
      • For More Information
    • Disorders Involving Anaphylactic Reactions (Type I Reactions) in Horses
      • Anaphylactic Shock
      • Hives and Swelling
      • Milk Allergy
      • Equine Asthma
      • Sweet Itch
      • For More Information
    • Immune-deficiency Diseases in Horses
      • Immunoglobulin Deficiency
      • Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
      • For More Information
    Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders of Horses
    • The Urinary System of Horses
      • For More Information
    • Detecting Disorders of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Urinary System in Horses
      • Kidney Malformations
        • Failure to Develop
      • Polycystic Kidneys
      • Other Kidney Anomalies
      • Abnormalities of the Ureters
      • Abnormalities of the Bladder
      • Abnormalities of the Urethra
      • For More Information
    • Infectious Diseases of the Urinary System in Horses
      • Bladder Infection
      • Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)
      • Interstitial Nephritis
      • Leptospirosis
      • For More Information
    • Noninfectious Diseases of the Urinary System in Horses
      • Kidney Dysfunction
        • Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure
        • Acute Kidney Disease
      • Glomerular Disease
      • Renal Tubular Problems
      • Tumors
      • Urinary Stones (Uroliths, Calculi)
        • Signs and Diagnosis
        • Treatment
      • Uroperitoneum in Foals
      • For More Information
    Lung and Airway Disorders of Horses
    • Introduction to Lung and Airway Disorders of Horses
      • Causes of Lung and Airway Disorders
      • Diagnosing Lung and Airway Disorders
      • Control of Respiratory Conditions
      • General Treatment of Lung and Airway Disorders
      • For More Information
    • Accumulation of Fluid or Air in the Chest Cavity of Horses
    • Aspiration Pneumonia in Horses
    • Diaphragmatic Hernia in Horses
    • Disorders of the Larynx in Horses
      • Arytenoid Chondritis (Laryngeal Chondropathy)
      • Laryngeal Hemiplegia (Roaring)
      • Fourth Branchial Arch Defect
    • Disorders of the Paranasal Sinuses in Horses
      • Sinusitis
      • Ethmoid Hematoma
      • Sinus Cysts
      • For More Information
    • Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Epiglottic Entrapment in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Equine Herpesvirus Infection (Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis)
      • For More Information
    • Equine Influenza
      • For More Information
    • Equine Morbillivirus Pneumonia (Hendra Virus Infection)
      • For More Information
    • Equine Viral Arteritis
      • For More Information
    • Exercise-induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Foal Pneumonia
      • Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia
        • Treatment and Prevention
      • Acute Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia in Foals
      • For More Information
    • Inflammatory Airway Disease in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Lungworm Infection in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia (Pharyngitis) in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Pleuropneumonia (Shipping Fever) in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Recurrent Airway Obstruction (Heaves) in Horses
      • Summer Pasture-associated Obstructive Lung Disease
      • For More Information
    • Strangles (Distemper) in Horses
      • Treatment and Control
      • For More Information
    • Subepiglottic Cyst in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Nasal Passages in Horses
      • Choanal Atresia in Horses
      • Disorders of the Nasal Septum in Horses
      • Nasal Polyps in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Guttural Pouch Disease in Horses
      • Guttural Pouch Empyema in Horses
      • Guttural Pouch Mycosis in Horses
      • Guttural Pouch Tympany in Horses
      • For More Information
    Metabolic Disorders of Horses
    • Introduction to Metabolic Disorders of Horses
      • Metabolic Storage Disorders
      • Production-related Metabolic Disorders
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of Calcium Metabolism in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Fatigue and Exercise in Horses
      • Fatigue during High-intensity Exercise
      • Fatigue during Prolonged Exercise
      • Prevention of Fatigue
      • Recovery
      • For More Information
    • Fever of Unknown Origin in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Malignant Hyperthermia in Horses
      • For More Information
    Reproductive Disorders of Horses
    • Introduction to Reproductive Disorders of Horses
      • For More Information
    • The Gonads and Genital Tract of Horses
      • The Ovaries
      • The Testes
      • The Female Genital Tract
      • The Male Genital Tract
      • For More Information
    • Management of Reproduction in Horses
      • Reproductive Cycle and Breeding Management
      • Detecting Estrus
      • Health Programs During Pregnancy
        • Parasite Control
        • Vaccinations
      • Foaling
        • Preparation
        • Stages of Delivery
        • The Early Postdelivery Period
      • For More Information
    • Infertility in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Reproductive System in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Abortion in Horses
      • Noninfectious Causes
      • Infectious Causes
      • For More Information
    • Brucellosis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Contagious Equine Metritis
      • For More Information
    • Equine Coital Exanthema (Genital Horsepox, Equine Venereal Balanitis)
      • For More Information
    • Mastitis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Endometritis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Pyometra in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Retained Placenta in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Uterine Prolapse in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Vulvitis and Vaginitis in Horses
      • For More Information
    Skin Disorders of Horses
    • Structure of the Skin in Horses
      • Epidermis
      • Basement Membrane Zone
      • Dermis
      • Skin Appendages
      • Subcutis
      • For More Information
    • Dermatitis and Dermatologic Problems of Horses
      • For More Information
    • Diagnosis of Skin Disorders in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Treatment of Skin Disorders in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Congenital and Inherited Skin Disorders in Horses
      • Congenital Skin Disorders
      • Pigmentary Abnormalities
      • Defects of Structural Integrity
      • For More Information
    • Allergies in Horses
      • Airborne Allergies
      • Food Allergies
      • For More Information
    • Dermatophilosis ("Rain Rot") in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Flies and Mosquitoes of Horses
      • Biting Midges (Gnats, No-see-ums)
      • Black Flies
      • Buffalo Flies
      • Eye Gnats
      • Face Flies
      • Filth-breeding Flies
      • Fly Strike (Myiasis)
      • Horn Flies
      • Horse Flies
      • Mosquitoes
      • Stable Flies
      • Tsetse Flies
      • For More Information
    • Hair Loss (Alopecia) in Horses
    • Hives (Urticaria) in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Itching (Pruritus) in Horses
    • Lice of Horses
      • For More Information
    • Mange (Acariasis, Mange Mites) in Horses
      • Sarcoptic Mange (Scabies, Body Mange)
      • Psoroptic Mange (Mane Mange)
      • Chorioptic Mange (Leg Mange)
      • Demodectic Mange
      • Harvest Mites (Chiggers, Trombiculids)
      • Straw Itch Mites (Forage Mites)
      • For More Information
    • Parasitic Worms of the Skin in Horses
      • Cutaneous Habronemiasis (Summer Sores)
      • Onchocerciasis
      • Parafilaria multipapillosa Infestation (Summer Bleeding)
      • Pelodera Dermatitis
      • For More Information
    • Photosensitization in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Ringworm (Dermatophytosis) in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Saddle Sores (Collar Galls) in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Ticks of Horses
      • Treatment and Control
      • For More Information
    • Tumors of the Skin in Horses
      • Basal Cell Tumors and Carcinomas
      • Collagenous Nevi
      • Equine Sarcoids
      • Keratinized Skin Cysts
      • Lymphoid Skin Tumors
      • Mast Cell Tumors
      • Melanomas
      • Squamous Cell Carcinomas
      • Vascular Tumors
      • Warts (Papillomas)
      • For More Information
    Infectious Diseases of Horses
    • Actinobacillosis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Actinomycosis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • African Horse Sickness
      • For More Information
    • Anaplasmosis in Horses (Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis)
      • For More Information
    • Anthrax in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Botulism in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Equine Infectious Anemia
      • For More Information
    • Equine Morbillivirus Pneumonia (or Hendra Virus Infection)
      • For More Information
    • Equine Viral Arteritis
      • Treatment and Control
      • For More Information
    • Fungal Infections (Mycoses) in Horses
      • Aspergillosis (Guttural Pouch Mycosis)
      • Candidiasis
      • Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)
      • Cryptococcosis
      • Epizootic Lymphangitis
      • Pythiosis
      • Phaeohyphomycosis
      • Rhinosporidiosis
      • Sporotrichosis
      • Zygomycosis (Basidiobolomycosis, Conidiobolomycosis)
      • For More Information
    • Glanders (Farcy) in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Intestinal Clostridiosis (Clostridia-associated Enterocolitis) in Horses
      • Enterotoxemia Caused by Clostridium in Foals
      • For More Information
    • Leptospirosis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis) in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Malignant Edema in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Melioidosis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Nocardiosis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Septicemia in Foals
      • Treatment and Outlook
      • For More Information
    • Tetanus in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Tuberculosis in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Tularemia in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Vesicular Stomatitis in Horses
      • For More Information
    MSD
    • Informações sobre
    • Isenção de responsabilidade
    • Permissões
    • Privacidade
    • Preferências de cookies
    • Termos de uso
    • Parcerias
    • Entre em contato conosco
    • Manuais de saúde humana
    • siga-nos no fb
    This icon serves as a link to download the eSSENTIAL Accessibility assistive technology app for individuals with physical disabilities. It is featured as part of our commitment to diversity and inclusion.
    • siga-nos no fb
    This icon serves as a link to download the eSSENTIAL Accessibility assistive technology app for individuals with physical disabilities. It is featured as part of our commitment to diversity and inclusion.
    MSD

    Direitos autorais© 2026Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, EUA e afiliadas. Todos os direitos reservados.