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MSD MANUAL
Veterinary Manual
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Veterinary Topics
Management and Nutrition
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Management of the Neonate
Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity in Large Animals
Specific Diseases Associated with Sepsis in Foals
Neonatal Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Omphalitis, Omphalophlebitis, and Patent Urachus
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
Neonatal Uveitis
Septic Arthritis
Meconium Impaction in Foals
Treatment
Sepsis in Foals
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings and Lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Prognosis
References
Key Points
For More Information
Neonatal Encephalopathy in Foals
Pathogenesis and Risk Factors
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Key Points
For More Information
Overview of Management of the Neonate in Large Animals
Management of the Neonate in Dogs and Cats
Immediate Postpartum Resuscitation
When to Stop Resuscitation
Husbandry in the First Days of Life
Warmth
Immunity
Nutrition
Neonatal Anesthesia
For More Information
Care of Orphaned Native Birds and Mammals
Birds
Managing Injuries
Altricial Species
Precocial Species
Mammals
Fawns
Squirrels
Rabbits and Hares
Opossums
Raccoons
For More Information
Neonatal Septicemia in Bovine Neonates
Etiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
For More Information
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals
Overview of Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals
Embryo Transfer in Cattle
Embryo Transfer in Sheep and Goats
Embryo Transfer in Pigs
Embryo Transfer in Horses
Preparation for Short Storage and Transport
Hormonal Control of Estrus
Overview of Hormonal Control of Estrus
Hormonal Control of Estrus in Horses
Hormonal Control of Estrus in Cattle
Hormonal Control of Estrus in Goats and Sheep
Hormonal Control of Estrus in Dogs
Hormonal Control of Estrus in Cats
Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male
Overview of Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male Animal
Ancillary Sperm Tests
Spermatogonial Stem Cells and Prospects for Preservation of Male Fertility
Breeding Soundness Examination of Bulls
Breeding Soundness Examination of Rams
Breeding Soundness Examination of Bucks
Breeding Soundness Examination of Stallions
Preventative Health Care and Husbandry
Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Beef Cattle
Overview of Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Beef Cattle
Vaccination Programs for Beef Cattle
Parasite Control in Beef Cattle
Internal Parasites
External Parasites
Biosecurity in Beef Cattle
Disease Screening, Treatment, and Surveillance in Beef Cattle
Cattle Management, Handling, Facilities Design, and Transportation in Beef Cattle
Health-Management Interaction: Dairy Cattle
The State of the Dairy Industry
The Modern Dairy Industry
Animal and Herd Productivity in Dairy Cattle
Nutritional Management
Reproductive Management
Replacement Management
Herd Size, Composition, and Culling
Environmental Conditions
Drying Off and Dry Cow Management
Interactions Between Health and Production in Dairy Cattle
Influence of Disease on Productivity
The Health Management Program in Dairy Cattle
Scheduled Farm Visits
Individual-Cow Health Care and Emergency Services
Scheduled, Traditional, and Technical Activities
Scheduled Analytic and Training Activities
Quality Control Programs
Performance Targets
Record Keeping
Investigations of Health and Production Problems
Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Goats
Overview of Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Goats
General Management of Goats
Nutrition of Goats
Nutrition-Related Diseases
Breeding and Parturition of Goats
References
Additional Common Diseases of Goats
Internal Parasites (Helminths)
References
External Parasites
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease)
Caseous Lymphadenitis (Cheesy Gland)
Clostridium Tetani
Infection (Tetanus)
Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Horses
Overview of Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Horses
Housing of Horses
Pasture for Horses
Nutrition of Horses
References
Foot Care of Horses
Dental Care of Horses
Parasite Control in Horses
Vaccination Program for Horses
Tetanus
Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4 (Rhinopneumonitis)
Encephalitis
Influenza
Rabies
Potomac Horse Fever
Botulism
Streptococcus equi
Infection
Rotavirus
Equine Infectious Anemia Control
Perinatal Mare and Foal Care
Preventive Health Care and Husbandry of Pigs
Preventive Health Care and Husbandry of Pigs
Management and Economic Considerations
Production Records
Herd Size and Disease Challenge
Health Strategies
Vaccination and Disease Status
Herd Visit and Facility Inspection
Key Points
References
Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Sheep
Overview of Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Sheep
References
General Management of Sheep
Nutrition of Sheep
Nutrition-Related Diseases
Breeding, Parturition, and Common Lamb Diseases of Sheep
References
Additional Common Diseases Associated With Management Practices of Sheep
Internal Parasites (Helminths)
References
External Parasites
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease)
Caseous Lymphadenitis (Cheesy Gland)
Additional Clostridial Diseases
Preventative Health Care and Husbandry in Small Animals
Overview of Preventative Health Care and Husbandry in Small Animals
Pet Selection
Routine Care and Grooming
Housing Requirements and Environmental Factors
Traveling With Pets
Zoonotic Diseases and Pets
Preventative Health Care for Small Animals
Veterinary Examinations
Vaccinations
Spaying and Neutering
References
Parasite Control
Nutrition
References
Behavioral Wellness
For More Information
End-of-Life Care
Management of Reproduction
Management of Reproduction: Cattle
Management of Cow-Calf Pairs
Overview of Management of Reproduction: Cattle
Key Points
Nutrition for Reproduction in Cattle
Breeding Programs for Heifer Replacements and Cows
Irregularities of Estrus and Anestrus
Silent Heat (Subestrus) in Cows
Reproductive Management of Bulls
Breeding Programs in Cattle Reproduction
Artificial Insemination
Collection and Handling of Semen Samples
Insemination Technique
Pregnancy Determination in Cattle
Embryonic and Fetal Death, Abortion, and Abnormal Fetal Development in Cattle
Etiology
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control
Management of Calving in Cattle
Nutrition
Calving Facilities
Calving
Management After Calving
Passive Transfer of Immunity
Management of Dystocia in Cattle
Replacement Heifer Development
Sire Selection
Appropriately Early Intervention
Management of Reproduction: Goats
Parturition in Goats
Puberty and Estrus in Goats
Breeding Soundness Examination in Goats
Breeding in Goats
Synchronization of Estrus in Goats
Pregnancy Determination in Goats
Pregnancy in Goats
Management of Reproduction: Horses
The Reproductive Cycle of Horses
Artificial Manipulation of Photoperiod
Manipulation of Ovarian Activity
Estrus Detection
Breeding Soundness Examination of the Mare
Signalment and History
Restraint
Physical Examination
Endometrial samples for Aerobic Culture and Cytology
Endometrial Biopsy
Vaginal Examination
For More Information
Pregnancy Determination in Horses
Palpation Per Rectum
Ultrasonography
Endocrine Tests
For More Information
Parasite Control During Pregnancy in Horses
For More Information
Vaccination in Breeding Horses
For More Information
Abortion in Horses
Parturition in Horses
Stages of Parturition
Premature Separation of the Placenta
Dystocia in Horses
Controlled Vaginal Delivery
Cesarean Section
Fetotomy
Examination of the Fetal Membranes in Horses
Retained Fetal Membranes
The Early Postpartum Period in Horses
Breeding Soundness Examination of the Stallion
For More Information
Breeding in Horse Reproduction
Natural Service
Artificial Insemination
Management of Reproduction: Pigs
Overview of Management of Reproduction: Pigs
Sow and Gilt Management
Selection
Disease Precautions
Puberty
Boar Management
Selection
History
Physical and Genital Examinations
Behavioral Evaluation and Semen Collection
Semen Evaluation
Interpretation of Findings
Guidelines for Boar Evaluation
Breeding Management of Pigs
Estrus
Hormonal Control of the Estrous Cycle
Breeding
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Determination
Parturition
Preweaning Mortality
Management of Reproduction: Sheep
Overview of Reproduction in Sheep
Reproductive Physiology of Sheep
Female Reproductive Anatomy and Body Condition
FAMACHA System for Sheep
Female Reproductive Physiology and Estrus
Breeding Management and the Ram Effect
Estrus Control and Synchronization
For More Information
Breeding Soundness Examination of Rams
Ram Semen Classification
For More Information
Artificial Insemination and Advanced Reproductive Techniques in Sheep
For More Information
Reproductive Failure of the Ram
Reproductive Failure of the Ewe
Pregnancy Determination in Ewes
Transabdominal Ultrasonography
For More Information
Prenatal Losses in Sheep
For More Information
References
Breeding Systems and Performance Evaluation of Sheep
Management of Reproduction: Dogs and Cats
Breeding Management of Queens
The Breeding Soundness Examination in Dogs and Cats
The Breeding Soundness Examination in Female Dogs and Cats
The Breeding Soundness Examination in Male Dogs and Cats
Semen Evaluation
For More Information
Breeding Management of Bitches
The Estrous Cycle of Bitches
Luteinizing Hormone
Progesterone
Use of Hormonal Evaluation to Time Breeding
Artificial Insemination
For More Information
Manipulation of the Estrous Cycle in Bitches and Queens
Pregnancy Determination in Bitches and Queens
Prevention or Termination of Pregnancy in Bitches and Queens
Whelping and Queening in Bitches and Queens
Labor, Delivery, and Postpartum Care in Bitches and Queens
Normal Labor
Dystocia
Postpartum Care
Periparturient Problems in Bitches and Queens
Infertility in Dogs and Cats
Nutrition
Nutrition: Beef Cattle
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle
Water
Energy
Protein
Minerals
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur
Cobalt
Copper
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Selenium
Zinc
Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Feeding and Nutritional Management of Beef Cattle
The Breeding Herd
Mature Cows and First-Calf Heifers
Mature Bulls
Newborn and Suckling Calves
Weaned Calves
Growing Cattle
Replacement Heifers and Developing Bulls
Growing Cattle
Finishing Cattle
Growth Promoters and Metabolic Modifiers for Beef Cattle
The Digestive System of Beef Cattle
Mouth
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum and Abomasum
Small Intestine
Liver
Calves
Prevention of Common Nutrition-Related Disorders in Beef Cattle
Bloat
Ruminal Acidosis
Hypomagnesemia
Urinary Calculi
Nutrition: Dairy Cattle
Nutritional Requirements of Dairy Cattle
Feed Intake
Carbohydrates
Energy
Fats
Protein
Water
Minerals
Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Dairy Cattle
Other Macromineral Requirements of Dairy Cattle
Trace Mineral Requirements of Dairy Cattle
Vitamins
Vitamin A Requirements of Dairy Cattle
Vitamin D Requirements of Dairy Cattle
Vitamin E Requirements of Dairy Cattle
Other Vitamin Requirements of Dairy Cattle
Summary of Dairy Cattle Feeding Recommendations From NASEM 2021
Key Points
For More Information
References
Feeding and Nutritional Management of Dairy Cattle
Total Mixed Rations
Unmixed or Component-Fed Rations
Pasture-Based Feeding Systems
Key Points
For More Information
Feeding Young Dairy Calves
Traditional System of Replacement Dairy Calf Feeding
Feeding Calves in Cold Weather
Accelerated Dairy Calf-Rearing Programs
Key Points
For More Information
Feeding Dairy Calves From Weaning Through Maturation
Key Points
For More Information
Feed Additives in Dairy Cattle
Key Points
For More Information
Nutrition and Disease in Dairy Cattle
Nutrition: Exotic and Zoo Animals
Nutrition in Exotic Chicken Breeds
Overview of Nutrition: Exotic and Zoo Animals
Nutritional Supplements
Water
For More Information
Nutrition in Birds
Nutrition in Psittacines
Protein
Fat
Vitamins
For More Information
References
Nutrition in Passerines
Nutrition in Pigeons and Doves
Nutrition in Raptors
References
Nutrition in Piscivorous (Fish-Eating) Birds
Thiamine
Vitamin E
References
Nutrition in Waterfowl
Nutrition in Quail, Pheasants, Turkeys, and Other Gallinaceous Birds
References
Nutrition in Ostriches, Emus, and Other Ratites
For More Information
Nutrition in Mynahs
Nutrition in Toucans and Hornbills
References
Hand-Rearing Zoo Mammals
References
Nutrition in Bats
References
Nutrition in Zoo Carnivores
References
Nutrition in Insectivores, Edentates, and Aardvarks
References
Nutrition in Marine Mammals
References
Nutrition in Marsupials
References
Nutrition in Primates
For More Information
References
Nutrition in Rodents and Lagomorphs
Nutrition in Ungulates and Subungulates
Grazers, Browsers and Intermediate Feeders
Feeding Guidelines
Diet
Pellet Feed
For More Information
References
Nutrition in Reptiles
Vitamin D and Ultraviolet Light
UVB Lighting for Reptiles
Prey
For More Information
References
Nutrition in Alligators, Crocodiles, and Other Crocodilians
References
Nutrition in Snakes
Nutrition in Turtles
Nutrition in Tortoises
Nutrition in Lizards
Nutrition in Fish
Nutrition: Goats
Nutritional Requirements of Goats
Water
Energy
Protein
Minerals
Macromineral Requirements of Goats
Micromineral Requirements of Goats
Vitamins
Key Points
For More Information
Herbage and Browse Usage in Goats
For More Information
Nutritional Diseases of Goats
Enterotoxemia (Overeating Disease)
Polioencephalomalacia
PregnancyToxemia (Twin Kid Disease, Pregnancy Ketosis)
Hypocalcemia (Milk Fever, Gestational Hypocalcemia)
Ruminal Acidosis
Urolithiasis
Nutritional Myodegeneration (White Muscle Disease)
Copper Deficiency and Toxicosis
Goiter
Key Points
For More Information
Nutrition: Horses
Nutritional Requirements of Horses and Other Equids
Water
Energy
Maintenance Requirements of Horses and Other Equids
Growth Requirements of Horses and Other Equids
Pregnancy and Lactation Requirements of Horses and Other Equids
Energy Requirements for Work of Horses and Other Equids
Weighing A Horse
Weight Loss Diets
Weight Gain Diets
Protein and Amino Acids
Minerals
Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Horses
Salt Requirements of Horses
Magnesium Requirements of Horses
Potassium Requirements of Horses
Iodine Requirements of Horses
Copper Requirements of Horses
Iron Requirements of Horses
Zinc Requirements of Horses
Selenium Requirements of Horses
Other Mineral Requirements of Horses
Vitamins
Vitamin A Requirements of Horses
Vitamin D Requirements of Horses
Vitamin E Requirements of Horses
Vitamin K Requirements of Horses
Ascorbic Acid Requirements of Horses
Thiamine Requirements of Horses
Riboflavin Requirements of Horses
Vitamin B12 Requirements of Horses
Niacin Requirements of Horses
Other Vitamin Requirements of Horses
Key Points
For More Information
References
Feeding Practices in Horses and Other Equids
Feeds
Pasture Feed of Horses
Hays and Other Preserved Forages for Feeding Horses
Concentrates for Feeding Horses
Other Supplements for Feeding Horses
Feeding Rates for Horses
Key Points
For More Information
References
Nutritional Diseases of Horses and Other Equids
Energy Deficiency
Energy Excess
Protein Deficiency
Energy Excess in Donkeys
Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Big Head, Bran Disease) in Horses
Developmental Orthopedic Disease in Horses
Phosphorus Deficiency in Horses
Salt Deficiency in Horses
Potassium Deficiency in Horses
Magnesium Deficiency in Horses
Iron Deficiency in Horses
Zinc Deficiency in Horses
Copper Deficiency in Horses
Selenium Deficiency in Horses
Vitamin Deficiencies and Excesses
Key Points
For More Information
References
Feeding the Sick Horse and Other Equids
Nutrition for Specific Diseases or Disorders
Equine Asthma
Diarrhea in Horses and Other Equids
Free Fecal Water Syndrome in Horses and Other Equids
Hepatic Disease in Horses and Other Equids
Chronic Kidney Disease in Horses and Other Equids
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome
Myopathies in Horses and Other Equids
Neurological Disorders in Horses and Other Equids
Equine Metabolic Syndrome
References
Feeding the Aged Horse and the Orphan Foal
Key Points
For More Information
References
Nutrition: Pigs
Nutritional Requirements of Pigs
Water
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Magnesium – Osmotic and Electrolyte Balance – Homeostasis
Iodine – Basal Energy Metabolism
Energy
Protein and Amino Acids
Minerals and Vitamins
Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Vitamin K for Pigs
Iron and Copper for Pigs
Manganese for Pigs
Zinc for Pigs
Selenium for Pigs
Chromium for Pigs
Cobalt for Pigs
Vitamins
Vitamin A for Pigs
Vitamin D for Pigs
Vitamin E for Pigs
Riboflavin for Pigs
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) for Pigs
Pantothenic Acid for Pigs
Thiamine for Pigs
Vitamin B6 for Pigs
Choline for Pigs
Biotin for Pigs
Folacin for Pigs
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) for Pigs
Fatty Acids
Feeding Levels and Practices in Pigs
Major Feed Ingredients
Feeding Management of Sows and Litters
Feeding Management of Weanling and Growing Pigs
Growth Stimulants
Nutritional Diseases of Pigs
Amino Acid Deficiency
Fat Deficiency
Mineral Deficiency
Vitamin Deficiency
Nutrition: Sheep
Nutritional Requirements of Sheep
Water
Energy
Protein
Minerals
Salt Requirements of Sheep
Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Sheep
Iodine Requirements of Sheep
Cobalt Requirements of Sheep
Copper Requirements of Sheep
Selenium Requirements of Sheep
Zinc Requirements of Sheep
Vitamins
Key Points
For More Information
Feeding Practices in Sheep
Feeding Farm Sheep
Feeding Ewes
Feeding Practices for Lactating Ewes
Feeding Lambs
Feeding Practices for Rearing Lambs on Milk Replacer
Feeding Practices for Finishing Feeder Lambs
Feeding Mature Breeding Rams
Feeding Range Sheep
Deficiencies of Range Forages for Feeding Range Sheep
Mineral Mixtures for Feeding Range Sheep
Key Points
For More Information
Nutritional Diseases of Sheep
Enterotoxemia
White Muscle Disease
Nutrition: Small Animals
Overview of Nutrition: Small Animals
Reference
Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals
Energy
Caloric Requirements:
Nutrient Classifications
Water
Protein
Fats
Carbohydrates (Sugars, Starches, and Fiber)
Lipid-Soluble Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Minerals
References
For More Information
Dog and Cat Foods
Pet Food Labels
Guaranteed Analysis
Ingredient List
Statement of Nutritional Adequacy
Feeding Guidelines
Pet Food Product Types
Dry Food
Canned Food
Semimoist Food
Home-cooked Diets
Raw Meat–Based Diets
References
Feeding Practices in Small Animals
Life-stage Nutrition
Maintenance
Growth and Reproduction in Dogs
Growth
Gestation
Lactation
Growth and Reproduction in Cats
Geriatric Dogs and Cats
Work or Stress
Nutrition in Disease Management in Small Animals
Adverse Reaction to Foods
Obesity
End of Life
Euthanasia
Euthanasia of Animals
Criteria for a Good Death
Acceptable Techniques
Adjunctive Methods
The Context for Euthanasia
Confirmation of Death
Disposal of Animal Remains
Psychological Well-Being of Human Participants
Key Points
For More Information