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  1. <Veterinary Topics
    Management and Nutrition
    Management of the Neonate
    • Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity in Large Animals
    • Specific Diseases Associated with Sepsis in Foals
      • Neonatal Pneumonia
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
      • Omphalitis, Omphalophlebitis, and Patent Urachus
        • Treatment and Prognosis
        • Prevention
      • Neonatal Uveitis
      • Septic Arthritis
    • Meconium Impaction in Foals
      • Treatment
    • Sepsis in Foals
      • Etiology and Pathogenesis
      • Clinical Findings and Lesions
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment and Control
      • Prognosis
        • References
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    • Neonatal Encephalopathy in Foals
      • Pathogenesis and Risk Factors
      • Clinical Findings
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment and Prognosis
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    • Overview of Management of the Neonate in Large Animals
    • Management of the Neonate in Dogs and Cats
      • Immediate Postpartum Resuscitation
        • When to Stop Resuscitation
      • Husbandry in the First Days of Life
      • Warmth
      • Immunity
      • Nutrition
      • Neonatal Anesthesia
      • For More Information
    • Care of Orphaned Native Birds and Mammals
      • Birds
        • Managing Injuries
        • Altricial Species
        • Precocial Species
      • Mammals
        • Fawns
        • Squirrels
        • Rabbits and Hares
        • Opossums
        • Raccoons
      • For More Information
    • Neonatal Septicemia in Bovine Neonates
      • Etiology
      • Risk Factors
      • Pathophysiology
      • Clinical Findings
      • Diagnosis
        • For More Information
      • Treatment
      • Prevention
      • Key Points
    Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals
    • Overview of Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals
    • Embryo Transfer in Cattle
    • Embryo Transfer in Sheep and Goats
    • Embryo Transfer in Pigs
    • Embryo Transfer in Horses
      • Preparation for Short Storage and Transport
    Hormonal Control of Estrus
    • Overview of Hormonal Control of Estrus
    • Hormonal Control of Estrus in Horses
    • Hormonal Control of Estrus in Cattle
    • Hormonal Control of Estrus in Goats and Sheep
    • Hormonal Control of Estrus in Dogs
    • Hormonal Control of Estrus in Cats
    Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male
    • Overview of Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male Animal
      • Ancillary Sperm Tests
      • Spermatogonial Stem Cells and Prospects for Preservation of Male Fertility
    • Breeding Soundness Examination of Bulls
    • Breeding Soundness Examination of Rams
    • Breeding Soundness Examination of Bucks
    • Breeding Soundness Examination of Stallions
    Preventative Health Care and Husbandry
    Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Beef Cattle
    • Overview of Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Beef Cattle
    • Vaccination Programs for Beef Cattle
    • Parasite Control in Beef Cattle
      • Internal Parasites
      • External Parasites
    • Biosecurity in Beef Cattle
    • Disease Screening, Treatment, and Surveillance in Beef Cattle
    • Cattle Management, Handling, Facilities Design, and Transportation in Beef Cattle
    Health-Management Interaction: Dairy Cattle
    • The State of the Dairy Industry
    • The Modern Dairy Industry
    • Animal and Herd Productivity in Dairy Cattle
      • Nutritional Management
      • Reproductive Management
      • Replacement Management
      • Herd Size, Composition, and Culling
      • Environmental Conditions
      • Drying Off and Dry Cow Management
    • Interactions Between Health and Production in Dairy Cattle
      • Influence of Disease on Productivity
    • The Health Management Program in Dairy Cattle
      • Scheduled Farm Visits
        • Individual-Cow Health Care and Emergency Services
        • Scheduled, Traditional, and Technical Activities
        • Scheduled Analytic and Training Activities
        • Quality Control Programs
      • Performance Targets
      • Record Keeping
      • Investigations of Health and Production Problems
    Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Goats
    • Overview of Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Goats
    • General Management of Goats
    • Nutrition of Goats
      • Nutrition-Related Diseases
    • Breeding and Parturition of Goats
      • References
    • Additional Common Diseases of Goats
      • Internal Parasites (Helminths)
        • References
      • External Parasites
      • Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
      • Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease)
      • Caseous Lymphadenitis (Cheesy Gland)
      • Clostridium Tetani Infection (Tetanus)
    Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Horses
    • Overview of Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Horses
    • Housing of Horses
    • Pasture for Horses
    • Nutrition of Horses
      • References
    • Foot Care of Horses
    • Dental Care of Horses
    • Parasite Control in Horses
    • Vaccination Program for Horses
      • Tetanus
      • Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4 (Rhinopneumonitis)
      • Encephalitis
      • Influenza
      • Rabies
      • Potomac Horse Fever
      • Botulism
      • Streptococcus equi Infection
      • Rotavirus
      • Equine Infectious Anemia Control
    • Perinatal Mare and Foal Care
    Preventive Health Care and Husbandry of Pigs
    • Preventive Health Care and Husbandry of Pigs
      • Management and Economic Considerations
      • Production Records
      • Herd Size and Disease Challenge
      • Health Strategies
      • Vaccination and Disease Status
      • Herd Visit and Facility Inspection
      • Key Points
      • References
    Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Sheep
    • Overview of Preventative Health Care and Husbandry of Sheep
      • References
    • General Management of Sheep
    • Nutrition of Sheep
      • Nutrition-Related Diseases
    • Breeding, Parturition, and Common Lamb Diseases of Sheep
      • References
    • Additional Common Diseases Associated With Management Practices of Sheep
      • Internal Parasites (Helminths)
        • References
      • External Parasites
      • Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
      • Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease)
      • Caseous Lymphadenitis (Cheesy Gland)
      • Additional Clostridial Diseases
    Preventative Health Care and Husbandry in Small Animals
    • Overview of Preventative Health Care and Husbandry in Small Animals
      • Pet Selection
      • Routine Care and Grooming
      • Housing Requirements and Environmental Factors
      • Traveling With Pets
      • Zoonotic Diseases and Pets
    • Preventative Health Care for Small Animals
      • Veterinary Examinations
      • Vaccinations
      • Spaying and Neutering
        • References
      • Parasite Control
      • Nutrition
        • References
      • Behavioral Wellness
        • For More Information
      • End-of-Life Care
    Management of Reproduction
    Management of Reproduction: Cattle
    • Management of Cow-Calf Pairs
    • Overview of Management of Reproduction: Cattle
      • Key Points
    • Nutrition for Reproduction in Cattle
    • Breeding Programs for Heifer Replacements and Cows
      • Irregularities of Estrus and Anestrus
        • Silent Heat (Subestrus) in Cows
    • Reproductive Management of Bulls
    • Breeding Programs in Cattle Reproduction
      • Artificial Insemination
        • Collection and Handling of Semen Samples
        • Insemination Technique
    • Pregnancy Determination in Cattle
    • Embryonic and Fetal Death, Abortion, and Abnormal Fetal Development in Cattle
      • Etiology
      • Diagnosis
      • Prevention and Control
    • Management of Calving in Cattle
      • Nutrition
      • Calving Facilities
      • Calving
      • Management After Calving
      • Passive Transfer of Immunity
    • Management of Dystocia in Cattle
      • Replacement Heifer Development
      • Sire Selection
      • Appropriately Early Intervention
    Management of Reproduction: Goats
    • Parturition in Goats
    • Puberty and Estrus in Goats
    • Breeding Soundness Examination in Goats
    • Breeding in Goats
    • Synchronization of Estrus in Goats
    • Pregnancy Determination in Goats
    • Pregnancy in Goats
    Management of Reproduction: Horses
    • The Reproductive Cycle of Horses
      • Artificial Manipulation of Photoperiod
      • Manipulation of Ovarian Activity
      • Estrus Detection
    • Breeding Soundness Examination of the Mare
      • Signalment and History
      • Restraint
      • Physical Examination
      • Endometrial samples for Aerobic Culture and Cytology
      • Endometrial Biopsy
      • Vaginal Examination
      • For More Information
    • Pregnancy Determination in Horses
      • Palpation Per Rectum
      • Ultrasonography
      • Endocrine Tests
      • For More Information
    • Parasite Control During Pregnancy in Horses
      • For More Information
    • Vaccination in Breeding Horses
      • For More Information
    • Abortion in Horses
    • Parturition in Horses
      • Stages of Parturition
      • Premature Separation of the Placenta
    • Dystocia in Horses
      • Controlled Vaginal Delivery
      • Cesarean Section
      • Fetotomy
    • Examination of the Fetal Membranes in Horses
      • Retained Fetal Membranes
    • The Early Postpartum Period in Horses
    • Breeding Soundness Examination of the Stallion
      • For More Information
    • Breeding in Horse Reproduction
      • Natural Service
      • Artificial Insemination
    Management of Reproduction: Pigs
    • Overview of Management of Reproduction: Pigs
    • Sow and Gilt Management
      • Selection
      • Disease Precautions
      • Puberty
    • Boar Management
      • Selection
      • History
      • Physical and Genital Examinations
      • Behavioral Evaluation and Semen Collection
      • Semen Evaluation
        • Interpretation of Findings
      • Guidelines for Boar Evaluation
    • Breeding Management of Pigs
      • Estrus
      • Hormonal Control of the Estrous Cycle
      • Breeding
      • Pregnancy
      • Pregnancy Determination
      • Parturition
      • Preweaning Mortality
    Management of Reproduction: Sheep
    • Overview of Reproduction in Sheep
    • Reproductive Physiology of Sheep
      • Female Reproductive Anatomy and Body Condition
        • FAMACHA System for Sheep
      • Female Reproductive Physiology and Estrus
      • Breeding Management and the Ram Effect
      • Estrus Control and Synchronization
      • For More Information
    • Breeding Soundness Examination of Rams
      • Ram Semen Classification
      • For More Information
    • Artificial Insemination and Advanced Reproductive Techniques in Sheep
      • For More Information
    • Reproductive Failure of the Ram
    • Reproductive Failure of the Ewe
    • Pregnancy Determination in Ewes
      • Transabdominal Ultrasonography
      • For More Information
    • Prenatal Losses in Sheep
      • For More Information
      • References
    • Breeding Systems and Performance Evaluation of Sheep
    Management of Reproduction: Dogs and Cats
    • Breeding Management of Queens
    • The Breeding Soundness Examination in Dogs and Cats
      • The Breeding Soundness Examination in Female Dogs and Cats
      • The Breeding Soundness Examination in Male Dogs and Cats
        • Semen Evaluation
      • For More Information
    • Breeding Management of Bitches
      • The Estrous Cycle of Bitches
      • Luteinizing Hormone
      • Progesterone
      • Use of Hormonal Evaluation to Time Breeding
      • Artificial Insemination
      • For More Information
    • Manipulation of the Estrous Cycle in Bitches and Queens
    • Pregnancy Determination in Bitches and Queens
    • Prevention or Termination of Pregnancy in Bitches and Queens
    • Whelping and Queening in Bitches and Queens
    • Labor, Delivery, and Postpartum Care in Bitches and Queens
      • Normal Labor
      • Dystocia
      • Postpartum Care
    • Periparturient Problems in Bitches and Queens
    • Infertility in Dogs and Cats
    Nutrition
    Nutrition: Beef Cattle
    • Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle
      • Water
      • Energy
      • Protein
      • Minerals
        • Calcium
        • Phosphorus
        • Magnesium
        • Potassium
        • Sodium
        • Sulfur
        • Cobalt
        • Copper
      • Iodine
      • Iron
      • Manganese
      • Selenium
      • Zinc
      • Vitamins
      • Water-Soluble Vitamins
      • Fat-Soluble Vitamins
        • Vitamin A
        • Vitamin D
        • Vitamin E
        • Vitamin K
    • Feeding and Nutritional Management of Beef Cattle
      • The Breeding Herd
      • Mature Cows and First-Calf Heifers
      • Mature Bulls
      • Newborn and Suckling Calves
      • Weaned Calves
      • Growing Cattle
        • Replacement Heifers and Developing Bulls
        • Growing Cattle
      • Finishing Cattle
    • Growth Promoters and Metabolic Modifiers for Beef Cattle
    • The Digestive System of Beef Cattle
      • Mouth
      • Rumen
      • Reticulum
      • Omasum and Abomasum
      • Small Intestine
      • Liver
      • Calves
    • Prevention of Common Nutrition-Related Disorders in Beef Cattle
      • Bloat
      • Ruminal Acidosis
      • Hypomagnesemia
      • Urinary Calculi
    Nutrition: Dairy Cattle
    • Nutritional Requirements of Dairy Cattle
      • Feed Intake
      • Carbohydrates
      • Energy
      • Fats
      • Protein
      • Water
      • Minerals
        • Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Dairy Cattle
        • Other Macromineral Requirements of Dairy Cattle
        • Trace Mineral Requirements of Dairy Cattle
      • Vitamins
        • Vitamin A Requirements of Dairy Cattle
        • Vitamin D Requirements of Dairy Cattle
        • Vitamin E Requirements of Dairy Cattle
        • Other Vitamin Requirements of Dairy Cattle
      • Summary of Dairy Cattle Feeding Recommendations From NASEM 2021
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
      • References
    • Feeding and Nutritional Management of Dairy Cattle
      • Total Mixed Rations
      • Unmixed or Component-Fed Rations
      • Pasture-Based Feeding Systems
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    • Feeding Young Dairy Calves
      • Traditional System of Replacement Dairy Calf Feeding
      • Feeding Calves in Cold Weather
      • Accelerated Dairy Calf-Rearing Programs
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    • Feeding Dairy Calves From Weaning Through Maturation
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    • Feed Additives in Dairy Cattle
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    • Nutrition and Disease in Dairy Cattle
    Nutrition: Exotic and Zoo Animals
    • Nutrition in Exotic Chicken Breeds
    • Overview of Nutrition: Exotic and Zoo Animals
      • Nutritional Supplements
      • Water
      • For More Information
    • Nutrition in Birds
    • Nutrition in Psittacines
      • Protein
      • Fat
      • Vitamins
      • For More Information
      • References
    • Nutrition in Passerines
    • Nutrition in Pigeons and Doves
    • Nutrition in Raptors
      • References
    • Nutrition in Piscivorous (Fish-Eating) Birds
      • Thiamine
      • Vitamin E
      • References
    • Nutrition in Waterfowl
    • Nutrition in Quail, Pheasants, Turkeys, and Other Gallinaceous Birds
      • References
    • Nutrition in Ostriches, Emus, and Other Ratites
      • For More Information
    • Nutrition in Mynahs
    • Nutrition in Toucans and Hornbills
      • References
    • Hand-Rearing Zoo Mammals
      • References
    • Nutrition in Bats
      • References
    • Nutrition in Zoo Carnivores
      • References
    • Nutrition in Insectivores, Edentates, and Aardvarks
      • References
    • Nutrition in Marine Mammals
      • References
    • Nutrition in Marsupials
      • References
    • Nutrition in Primates
      • For More Information
      • References
    • Nutrition in Rodents and Lagomorphs
    • Nutrition in Ungulates and Subungulates
      • Grazers, Browsers and Intermediate Feeders
      • Feeding Guidelines
      • Diet
      • Pellet Feed
      • For More Information
      • References
    • Nutrition in Reptiles
      • Vitamin D and Ultraviolet Light
        • UVB Lighting for Reptiles
      • Prey
      • For More Information
      • References
    • Nutrition in Alligators, Crocodiles, and Other Crocodilians
      • References
    • Nutrition in Snakes
    • Nutrition in Turtles
    • Nutrition in Tortoises
    • Nutrition in Lizards
    • Nutrition in Fish
    Nutrition: Goats
    • Nutritional Requirements of Goats
      • Water
      • Energy
      • Protein
      • Minerals
        • Macromineral Requirements of Goats
        • Micromineral Requirements of Goats
      • Vitamins
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    • Herbage and Browse Usage in Goats
      • For More Information
    • Nutritional Diseases of Goats
      • Enterotoxemia (Overeating Disease)
      • Polioencephalomalacia
      • PregnancyToxemia (Twin Kid Disease, Pregnancy Ketosis)
      • Hypocalcemia (Milk Fever, Gestational Hypocalcemia)
      • Ruminal Acidosis
      • Urolithiasis
      • Nutritional Myodegeneration (White Muscle Disease)
      • Copper Deficiency and Toxicosis
      • Goiter
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    Nutrition: Horses
    • Nutritional Requirements of Horses and Other Equids
      • Water
      • Energy
        • Maintenance Requirements of Horses and Other Equids
        • Growth Requirements of Horses and Other Equids
        • Pregnancy and Lactation Requirements of Horses and Other Equids
        • Energy Requirements for Work of Horses and Other Equids
      • Weighing A Horse
      • Weight Loss Diets
      • Weight Gain Diets
      • Protein and Amino Acids
      • Minerals
        • Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Horses
        • Salt Requirements of Horses
        • Magnesium Requirements of Horses
        • Potassium Requirements of Horses
        • Iodine Requirements of Horses
        • Copper Requirements of Horses
        • Iron Requirements of Horses
        • Zinc Requirements of Horses
        • Selenium Requirements of Horses
        • Other Mineral Requirements of Horses
      • Vitamins
        • Vitamin A Requirements of Horses
        • Vitamin D Requirements of Horses
        • Vitamin E Requirements of Horses
        • Vitamin K Requirements of Horses
        • Ascorbic Acid Requirements of Horses
        • Thiamine Requirements of Horses
        • Riboflavin Requirements of Horses
        • Vitamin B12 Requirements of Horses
        • Niacin Requirements of Horses
        • Other Vitamin Requirements of Horses
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
      • References
    • Feeding Practices in Horses and Other Equids
      • Feeds
        • Pasture Feed of Horses
        • Hays and Other Preserved Forages for Feeding Horses
        • Concentrates for Feeding Horses
        • Other Supplements for Feeding Horses
      • Feeding Rates for Horses
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
      • References
    • Nutritional Diseases of Horses and Other Equids
      • Energy Deficiency
      • Energy Excess
      • Protein Deficiency
      • Energy Excess in Donkeys
      • Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
        • Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Big Head, Bran Disease) in Horses
        • Developmental Orthopedic Disease in Horses
        • Phosphorus Deficiency in Horses
        • Salt Deficiency in Horses
        • Potassium Deficiency in Horses
        • Magnesium Deficiency in Horses
        • Iron Deficiency in Horses
        • Zinc Deficiency in Horses
        • Copper Deficiency in Horses
        • Selenium Deficiency in Horses
      • Vitamin Deficiencies and Excesses
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
      • References
    • Feeding the Sick Horse and Other Equids
      • Nutrition for Specific Diseases or Disorders
        • Equine Asthma
        • Diarrhea in Horses and Other Equids
        • Free Fecal Water Syndrome in Horses and Other Equids
        • Hepatic Disease in Horses and Other Equids
        • Chronic Kidney Disease in Horses and Other Equids
        • Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome
        • Myopathies in Horses and Other Equids
        • Neurological Disorders in Horses and Other Equids
        • Equine Metabolic Syndrome
      • References
    • Feeding the Aged Horse and the Orphan Foal
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
      • References
    Nutrition: Pigs
    • Nutritional Requirements of Pigs
      • Water
      • Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Magnesium – Osmotic and Electrolyte Balance – Homeostasis
      • Iodine – Basal Energy Metabolism
      • Energy
      • Protein and Amino Acids
      • Minerals and Vitamins
        • Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Vitamin K for Pigs
        • Iron and Copper for Pigs
        • Manganese for Pigs
        • Zinc for Pigs
        • Selenium for Pigs
        • Chromium for Pigs
        • Cobalt for Pigs
      • Vitamins
        • Vitamin A for Pigs
        • Vitamin D for Pigs
        • Vitamin E for Pigs
        • Riboflavin for Pigs
        • Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) for Pigs
        • Pantothenic Acid for Pigs
        • Thiamine for Pigs
        • Vitamin B6 for Pigs
        • Choline for Pigs
        • Biotin for Pigs
        • Folacin for Pigs
        • Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) for Pigs
      • Fatty Acids
    • Feeding Levels and Practices in Pigs
      • Major Feed Ingredients
      • Feeding Management of Sows and Litters
      • Feeding Management of Weanling and Growing Pigs
      • Growth Stimulants
    • Nutritional Diseases of Pigs
      • Amino Acid Deficiency
      • Fat Deficiency
      • Mineral Deficiency
      • Vitamin Deficiency
    Nutrition: Sheep
    • Nutritional Requirements of Sheep
      • Water
      • Energy
      • Protein
      • Minerals
        • Salt Requirements of Sheep
        • Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Sheep
        • Iodine Requirements of Sheep
        • Cobalt Requirements of Sheep
        • Copper Requirements of Sheep
        • Selenium Requirements of Sheep
        • Zinc Requirements of Sheep
      • Vitamins
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    • Feeding Practices in Sheep
      • Feeding Farm Sheep
      • Feeding Ewes
        • Feeding Practices for Lactating Ewes
      • Feeding Lambs
        • Feeding Practices for Rearing Lambs on Milk Replacer
        • Feeding Practices for Finishing Feeder Lambs
      • Feeding Mature Breeding Rams
      • Feeding Range Sheep
        • Deficiencies of Range Forages for Feeding Range Sheep
        • Mineral Mixtures for Feeding Range Sheep
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
    • Nutritional Diseases of Sheep
      • Enterotoxemia
      • White Muscle Disease
    Nutrition: Small Animals
    • Overview of Nutrition: Small Animals
      • Reference
    • Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals
      • Energy
        • Caloric Requirements:
      • Nutrient Classifications
        • Water
        • Protein
        • Fats
        • Carbohydrates (Sugars, Starches, and Fiber)
        • Lipid-Soluble Vitamins
        • Water-Soluble Vitamins
        • Minerals
        • References
        • For More Information
    • Dog and Cat Foods
      • Pet Food Labels
        • Guaranteed Analysis
        • Ingredient List
        • Statement of Nutritional Adequacy
        • Feeding Guidelines
      • Pet Food Product Types
        • Dry Food
        • Canned Food
        • Semimoist Food
        • Home-cooked Diets
        • Raw Meat–Based Diets
        • References
    • Feeding Practices in Small Animals
      • Life-stage Nutrition
      • Maintenance
      • Growth and Reproduction in Dogs
        • Growth
        • Gestation
        • Lactation
      • Growth and Reproduction in Cats
      • Geriatric Dogs and Cats
      • Work or Stress
    • Nutrition in Disease Management in Small Animals
      • Adverse Reaction to Foods
      • Obesity
    End of Life
    Euthanasia
    • Euthanasia of Animals
      • Criteria for a Good Death
      • Acceptable Techniques
      • Adjunctive Methods
      • The Context for Euthanasia
      • Confirmation of Death
      • Disposal of Animal Remains
      • Psychological Well-Being of Human Participants
      • Key Points
      • For More Information
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