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MSD Vet Manual LogoMANUAL MSDManual de veterinária
PROFISSIONAIS VETERINÁRIOSDONOS DE ANIMAIS DE ESTIMAÇÃORECURSOSINFORMAÇÕES SOBRE
homePROFISSIONAIS VETERINÁRIOSDONOS DE ANIMAIS DE ESTIMAÇÃO
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  1. <Considerações gerais para donos de animais de estimação
    Dog Owners
    Introduction to Dogs
    • Description of Dogs
      • What Size Are Most Dogs?
      • How Long Do Dogs Live?
      • How Do Dogs Stay Warm or Cool?
      • Do Dogs Have the Same Senses as People?
      • How Do Dogs Walk and Run?
      • Will a Dog’s Nails Scratch Me?
      • Is Dog Hair Like Human Hair?
      • How Many Teeth Does a Dog Have?
      • How Do Dogs Digest Food?
      • Why Do Dogs Sometimes "Scoot" on the Ground?
    Selecting and Providing a Home for a Dog
    • Selecting a Dog
      • What Type of Dog Is Right for Me?
      • Does a Dog's Size Matter?
      • How Do Dogs Do With Children?
      • Does Where I Live Matter?
      • Should I Get a Puppy or an Older Dog?
      • Where Should I Get My Dog?
      • What Questions Should I Ask?
      • What Should I Look for in a Particular Dog?
    • Providing a Home for a Dog
      • How Much Work is a Dog?
      • Will I Need a Dog Bed or a Crate?
      • Do I Keep My Dog Outside?
      • What Do I Feed My Dog?
      • How Much Exercise Will My Dog Need?
      • Will a Dog Have Behavior Problems?
    Routine Care of Dogs
    • Routine Health Care of Dogs
      • How Often Should My Dog See a Veterinarian?
      • How Can I Tell If My Dog Is Sick?
      • How Do I Give My Dog Medicine?
      • Does My Dog Need Vaccines?
      • Can My Dog Get Parasites?
      • Should I Brush My Dog’s Teeth?
      • Should I Brush My Dog’s Hair?
      • Does My Dog Need to Be Spayed or Neutered?
      • How Do I Make My House Safe for a Dog?
    • Puppy Care
      • Does My Puppy Need Vaccines?
      • Will My Puppy Get Worms?
      • What Should I Feed My Puppy?
      • How Do I Train My Puppy?
    Behavior of Dogs
    • Introduction to Behavior of Dogs
    • Diagnosing Behavior Problems in Dogs
      • Defining the Problem
      • Treatment of Behavior Problems in Dogs
    • Behavior Modification in Dogs
      • Behavior Modification Techniques
      • Use of Medication to Treat Behavior Problems
    • Normal Social Behavior in Dogs
      • Counseling to Prevent Undesirable Behavior
    • Behavior Problems in Dogs
      • Behavior Problems Associated with Aggression in Dogs
        • Treatment
      • Behavior Problems Associated with Elimination
        • Treatment
      • Other Canine Behavior Problems
    Blood Disorders of Dogs
    • Introduction to Blood Disorders of Dogs
      • For More Information
    • Red Blood Cells of Dogs
      • For More Information
    • White Blood Cells of Dogs
      • Phagocytes
      • Lymphocytes
      • For More Information
    • Platelets of Dogs
      • For More Information
    • Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions in Dogs
      • Blood Transfusions
      • For More Information
    • Anemia in Dogs
      • Signs and Diagnosis
      • Blood Loss Anemia
      • Hemolytic Anemia
        • Immune-mediated Hemolytic Anemia
        • Alloimmune Hemolysis
        • Microangiopathic Hemolysis
        • Metabolic Causes of Hemolysis
        • Toxins (Drugs, Plants, Chemicals)
        • Infections
        • Inherited Diseases
      • Nonregenerative Anemias
        • Nutritional Deficiencies
        • Anemia of Chronic Disease
        • Kidney Disease
        • Bone Marrow Diseases
      • For More Information
    • Blood Parasites of Dogs
      • Babesiosis
      • Hemotropic Mycoplasmas (Hemoplasmas)
      • Hepatozoonosis
        • American Canine Hepatozoonosis
      • African Tsetse-transmitted Trypanosomiasis
      • Surra (Trypanosoma evansi Infection)
      • Chagas’ Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi Infection)
      • For More Information
    • Bleeding Disorders of Dogs
      • Congenital Clotting Protein Disorders
      • Acquired Clotting Protein Disorders
      • Platelet Disorders
        • Congenital Thrombocytopenia
        • Acquired Thrombocytopenia
        • Congenital Platelet Function Disorders
        • Acquired Platelet Function Disorders
      • Blood Vessel Disorders
        • Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
        • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
        • Canine Herpesvirus
      • Blood Clotting Disorders
      • For More Information
    • White Blood Cell Disorders of Dogs
      • Disorders Related to Increased or Decreased White Blood Cells
      • Leukemia and Lymphoma
      • Gray Collie Syndrome
      • Pelger-Huët Anomaly
      • For More Information
    • Erythrocytosis and Polycythemia in Dogs
      • For More Information
    • Malignant Lymphoma in Dogs
      • Treatment and Outlook
      • For More Information
    Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders of Dogs
    • Introduction to Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders of Dogs
    • Components of the Musculoskeletal System in Dogs
    • Overview of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Diseases in Dogs
    • Lameness in Dogs
      • The Lameness Examination
        • Imaging Techniques
      • Pain Management
    • Congenital and Inherited Disorders of Bones, Joints, and Muscles in Dogs
      • Dyschondroplasia
      • Dystrophy-like Myopathies
      • Glycogen Storage Disease (Glycogenosis)
      • Hip Dysplasia
      • Osteochondrosis
      • Osteogenesis Imperfecta
      • Osteopetrosis
      • Other Congenital and Inherited Musculoskeletal Disorders of Dogs
    • Disorders Associated with Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D in Dogs
      • Rickets
      • Adult Rickets (Osteomalacia)
      • Rubber Jaw Syndrome (Fibrous Osteodystrophy)
        • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
        • Hyperparathyroidism due to Kidney Disease
      • Hypoparathyroidism
      • For More Information
    • Other Joint Disorders in Dogs
      • Aseptic Necrosis of the Femoral Head (Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease)
      • Displacement of the Kneecap
      • Osteochondrosis
      • Elbow Dysplasia
      • Septic Arthritis
      • Immune-mediated Arthritis
      • Cancerous Arthritis
      • Joint Trauma
        • Cranial Cruciate Ligament Tear
        • Dislocation and Fracture of the Ankle
        • Dislocation of the Elbow
        • Dislocation of the Hip
        • Joint Fractures
        • Palmar Carpal Ligament Breakdown
      • For More Information
    • Muscle Disorders in Dogs
      • Labrador Retriever Myopathy
      • Great Dane Myopathy
      • Fibrotic Myopathy
      • Myositis Ossificans
      • Polymyositis
      • Masticatory Myositis
      • Malignant Hyperthermia
      • Exertional Myopathy (Rhabdomyolysis)
      • Muscular or Tendon Trauma
        • Abnormal Contracture of the Shoulder Muscle
        • Inflammation of the Biceps Brachii Tendon and Its Covering
        • Achilles Tendon Disruption (Dropped Hock)
        • Iliopsoas Muscle Trauma
      • Muscle Tumors
      • For More Information
    • Bone Disorders in Dogs
      • Developmental Bone Disorders
        • Angular Limb Deformities
        • Craniomandibular Osteopathy
        • Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
        • Osteochondromatosis (Multiple Exostoses)
        • Panosteitis
        • Retained Ulnar Cartilage Cores
      • Osteomyelitis
      • Hypertrophic Osteopathy
      • Nutritional Osteopathies
      • Bone Tumors
      • Bone Fractures
      • For More Information
    • Sarcocystosis in Dogs
      • For More Information
    • Hip Dysplasia
      • For More Information
    • Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease)
      • For More Information
    Distúrbios do cérebro, da medula espinhal e dos nervos em cães
    • O sistema nervoso dos cães
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Partes do sistema nervoso dos cães
      • Neurônios
        • Tipos de neurônios
    • Distúrbios do sistema nervoso e efeitos de lesões em cães
      • Mecanismos da doença
      • Tumores do sistema nervoso
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Avaliação neurológica de cães
      • Exame neurológico
        • Avaliação da cabeça e dos nervos cranianos
        • Avaliação da marcha (caminhar)
        • Avaliação do pescoço e das pernas dianteiras
        • Avaliação do tronco, pernas traseiras, ânus e cauda
      • Exames laboratoriais e de imagem
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Princípios da terapia do sistema nervoso em cães
      • Cuidados de enfermagem
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Distúrbios congênitos e hereditários do sistema nervoso em cães
      • Distúrbios do prosencéfalo
      • Distúrbios cerebelares
      • Distúrbios do tronco cerebral
      • Distúrbios da medula espinhal
      • Distúrbios musculares e dos nervos periféricos
      • Distúrbios multifocais
      • Deficiências congênitas diversas
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Distúrbios dos nervos periféricos e da junção neuromuscular em cães
      • Doenças degenerativas
      • Distúrbios inflamatórios
      • Distúrbios metabólicos
      • Tumores
      • Distúrbios tóxicos
      • Lesões e traumatismos
      • Distúrbios dos vasos sanguíneos
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Distúrbios da coluna vertebral e da medula espinhal em cães
      • Doenças degenerativas
      • Doenças inflamatórias e infecciosas
        • Doenças bacterianas
        • Riquetsioses
        • Doenças virais
        • Doenças fúngicas
        • Doenças protozoárias
        • Doenças parasitárias
        • Doenças inflamatórias de causa desconhecida
      • Tumores
      • Distúrbios nutricionais
      • Lesões e traumatismos
      • Intoxicação e distúrbios tóxicos
      • Doenças dos vasos sanguíneos
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Disautonomia em cães
    • Paralisia facial em cães
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Distúrbios do sistema nervoso central causados por parasitas em cães
      • Tênias
      • Trematódeos
      • Nematelmintos
      • Doenças causadas por insetos
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Paralisia da perna em cães
      • Paralisia causada por tumor
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Meningite e encefalite em cães
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Cinetose em cães
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Raiva em cães
      • Sinais e diagnóstico
      • Controle da raiva
      • Manejo de casos suspeitos de raiva
      • Risco de transmissão da raiva para pessoas
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Paralisia do carrapato em cães
      • Para obter mais informações
    Digestive Disorders of Dogs
    • Introduction to Digestive Disorders of Dogs
      • General Signs of Digestive System Disorders
      • Examination of the Digestive System
      • Infectious Diseases
      • Noninfectious Diseases
      • Treatment Overview of Digestive System Disorders
        • Treatment and Control of Infectious Disease
      • For More Information
    • Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Digestive System of Dogs
      • Mouth
      • Teeth
      • Cysts of the Head and Neck
      • Esophagus
      • Hernias
      • Stomach
      • Small and Large Intestine
      • Liver
      • For More Information
    • Dental Development of Dogs
      • Estimation of Age by Examination of the Teeth
      • For More Information
    • Dental Disorders of Dogs
      • Gum Disease
        • Gingivitis
        • Periodontitis
        • Prevention
      • Endodontic Disease
      • Developmental Abnormalities
        • Unerupted Teeth
        • Improper Bite
        • Enamel Defects
      • Trauma to the Face and Jaw
      • Tooth Decay (Cavities)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Mouth in Dogs
      • Oral Inflammatory and Ulcerative Diseases
        • Canine Stomatitis
        • Lip Disorders
        • Fungal Stomatitis
        • Trenchmouth(Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis)
        • Inflammation of the Tongue
      • Soft Tissue Trauma
        • Cheek Biting
        • Mouth Burns
      • Viral Warts and Papillomas
      • Oral Tumors
        • Benign Tumors
        • Malignant Tumors
      • Salivary Disorders
        • Excessive Salivation (Ptyalism)
        • Salivary Mucocele
        • Salivary Fistula
        • Salivary Gland Tumors
        • Inflammation of the Salivary Glands
        • Sialadenosis in Dogs
        • Necrotizing Sialometaplasia in Dogs
        • Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Pharynx (Throat) in Dogs
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Esophagus in Dogs
      • Disorders of Swallowing (Cricopharyngeal Achalasia)
      • Expansion of the Esophagus (Megaesophagus)
      • Esophageal Dysmotility in Dogs
      • Esophageal Strictures
      • Inflammation of the Esophagus (Esophagitis)
      • Foreign Objects in the Esophagus
      • Esophageal Diverticula
      • Brochoesophageal Fistula in Dogs
      • For More Information
    • Vomiting in Dogs
      • Acute (Short-term) Vomiting
      • Chronic (Long-term) Vomiting
    • Disorders of the Stomach and Intestines in Dogs
      • Canine Parvovirus
        • Treatment and Control
      • Inflammation of the Large Intestine (Colitis)
      • Constipation
      • Bloat
      • Inflammation of the Stomach (Gastritis)
      • Cancers of the Digestive System
      • Gastrointestinal Obstruction
      • Gastrointestinal Ulcers
      • Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis
      • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
      • Malabsorption
      • For More Information
    • Disorders Caused by Bacteria in the Digestive System of Dogs
      • Campylobacter Infection
      • Helicobacter Infection
      • Salmonella Infection
      • Tyzzer Disease
    • Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs
      • Roundworms
      • Hookworms
      • Whipworms
      • Tapeworms
      • Flukes
        • Intestinal Flukes
        • Liver Flukes
      • For More Information
    • Disorders Caused by Protozoa in the Digestive System of Dogs
      • Amebiasis
      • Coccidiosis
      • Giardiasis
    • Pancreatitis and Other Disorders of the Pancreas in Dogs
      • Inflammation of the Pancreas (Pancreatitis)
      • Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
      • Pancreatic Tumors
        • Pancreatic Adenomas
        • Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas
      • Pancreatic Abscesses
      • Pancreatic Pseudocyst
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder in Dogs
      • Acute Liver Failure
      • Complications of Liver Disease
        • Hepatic Encephalopathy
        • Ascites
        • Clotting Defects
        • Bacterial Infections
        • Fibrosis
      • Portosystemic Shunts and Other Vessel Abnormalities
      • Poisons Affecting the Liver
      • Infectious Diseases of the Liver
      • Canine Chronic Hepatitis
      • Canine Cholangiohepatitis
      • Endocrine Diseases Affecting the Liver
      • Liver Cysts and Nodular Hyperplasia
      • Canine Vacuolar Hepatopathy
      • Hepatocutaneous Syndrome in Dogs
      • Cancers of the Liver
      • Other Liver Diseases
        • Glycogen Storage Disease
        • Hepatic Amyloidosis
      • Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Duct
        • Obstruction of the Bile Duct
        • Inflammation of the Gallbladder (Cholecystitis)
        • Gallbladder Mucocele in Dogs
        • Gallstones
        • Rupture of the Gallbladder or Bile Duct
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Rectum and Anus in Dogs
      • Anal Sac Disease
      • Perianal Fistula
      • Perianal Tumors
      • Perineal Hernia
      • Rectal and Anorectal Narrowing (Strictures)
      • Rectal Tumors
      • Rectal Polyps
      • Rectal Prolapse
      • Rectal Tears
      • For More Information
    Ear Disorders of Dogs
    • Ear Structure and Function in Dogs
      • Physical Examination of the Ear
      • For More Information
    • Deafness in Dogs
    • Disorders of the Outer Ear in Dogs
      • Canine Juvenile Cellulitis
      • Allergies
      • Contact Dermatitis of the Ear
      • Ear Hematomas
      • Insect Bites
      • Frostbite
      • Hair Loss
      • Immune-mediated Diseases
      • Mange
      • Seborrhea
      • Sebaceous Adenitis
      • Proliferative Thrombovascular Necrosis of the Pinnae
      • Auricular Chondritis
      • Vasculitis
      • Canine Sterile Nodular Granulomatous Dermatitis of the Pinna
      • Ticks
      • For More Information
    • Ear Infections and Otitis Externa in Dogs
      • Treatment
      • Preventive Care
      • For More Information
    • Otitis Media and Interna in Dogs
      • Treatment
    • Tumors of the Ear Canal in Dogs
      • Earwax Gland Tumors
    Eye Disorders of Dogs
    • Eye Structure and Function in Dogs
      • Physical Examination of the Eye
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Eyelids in Dogs
      • Entropion
      • Ectropion
      • Lagophthalmos
      • Abnormalities of the Eyelashes
      • Inflammation of the Eyelids (Blepharitis)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Nasal Cavity and Tear Ducts in Dogs
      • Cherry Eye (Prolapsed Nictitans Gland)
      • Inflammation of the Tear Sac (Dacryocystitis)
      • Absence of Nasal Tear Duct Openings
      • Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, or KCS)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Conjunctiva in Dogs
      • Ruptured Blood Vessels (Subconjunctival Hemorrhage)
      • Swelling of Conjunctival Tissue (Chemosis)
      • Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Cornea in Dogs
      • Inflammation of the Outer Cornea
      • Inflammation within the Cornea
      • Corneal Ulcers (Ulcerative Keratitis)
      • Corneal Deterioration
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Anterior Uvea in Dogs
      • Persistent Membranes across the Pupil
      • Atrophy of the Iris
      • Cysts of the Iris
      • Iris Coloboma
      • Inflammation of the Anterior Uvea
      • Hyphema (Bleeding Within the Eyeball)
      • For More Information
    • Glaucoma in Dogs
    • Disorders of the Lens in Dogs
      • Cataracts
      • Lens Displacement
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Retina, Choroid, and Optic Disk (Ocular Fundus) in Dogs
      • Inherited Diseases of the Retina
        • Collie Eye Anomaly
        • Abnormal Development of the Retina (Retinal Dysplasia)
        • Progressive Retinal Atrophy
        • Retinal Pigment Epithelial Dystrophy (Central Progressive Retinal Atrophy)
      • Inflammation of the Retina and Choroid (Chorioretinitis)
      • Retinal Detachments
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Optic Nerve in Dogs
      • Optic Neuritis
      • Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
      • Papilledema
      • Optic Atrophy
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Orbit in Dogs
    • Prolapse of the Eye in Dogs
    • Eyeworm Disease (Thelaziasis) in Dogs
    • Cancers and Tumors of the Eye in Dogs
    • Eye Disorders Resulting from Generalized Diseases
    Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders of Dogs
    • Introduction to Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders in Dogs
      • Heart Rate
      • Heart Sounds and Murmurs
      • Arrhythmias
      • Pulse
      • For More Information
    • Heart Disease in Dogs
      • Abnormalities of the Cardiovascular System
    • Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease in Dogs
      • General Signs of Cardiovascular Disease
      • For More Information
    • Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Dogs
      • Common Types of Drugs for Cardiovascular Disease
    • Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Cardiovascular System in Dogs
      • Detecting Congenital Heart Defects
      • General Treatment and Outlook
      • Innocent Murmurs
      • Common Congenital Heart Abnormalities
        • Patent Ductus Arteriosus
        • Pulmonic Stenosis
        • Aortic Stenosis
        • Persistent Right Aortic Arch
        • Ventricular Septal Defects
        • Tetralogy of Fallot
        • Atrial Septal Defects
        • Mitral Valve Dysplasia
        • Mitral Stenosis
        • Tricuspid Dysplasia
        • Hernias Between the Abdomen and Membrane Surrounding the Heart
        • Cor Triatriatum Dexter
      • For More Information
    • Heart Failure in Dogs
      • Types of Heart Failure
      • Compensatory Mechanisms
      • Cardiac Biomarkers
      • Signs of Heart Failure
      • Treatment
        • Drugs
        • Nutrition
        • Other Treatments
      • For More Information
    • Acquired Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders in Dogs
      • Degenerative Valve Disease
      • Disorders of the Heart Muscle (Cardiomyopathy)
        • Dilated Cardiomyopathy
        • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
      • Myocarditis
      • Other Causes of Heart Muscle Failure
      • Infective Endocarditis
        • Treatment and Prevention
      • Pericardial Disease
      • High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
      • For More Information
    • Blood Clots and Aneurysms in Dogs
      • Signs and Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • For More Information
    • Heartworm Disease in Dogs
      • Signs and Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prevention
      • For More Information
    Hormonal Disorders of Dogs
    • Introduction to Hormonal Disorders of Dogs
      • Development of Endocrine System Disease
      • Treatment of Endocrine System Disease
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Adrenal Glands in Dogs
      • Cushing Disease
      • Addison Disease
      • Pheochromocytomas
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Pancreas in Dogs
      • Diabetes Mellitus
      • Functional Islet Cell Tumors (Insulinomas)
      • Gastrin-secreting Islet Cell Tumors (Gastrinomas)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands and of Calcium Metabolism in Dogs
      • Calcium-regulating Hormones
      • Hypercalcemia (High Blood Calcium Levels)
      • Hypocalcemia (Low Blood Calcium Levels)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Pituitary Gland in Dogs
      • Cushing Disease
      • Adult-onset Panhypopituitarism
      • Juvenile-onset Panhypopituitarism (Pituitary Dwarfism)
      • Diabetes Insipidus
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of the Thyroid Gland in Dogs
      • Hypothyroidism
      • Hyperthyroidism
      • For More Information
    • Neuroendocrine Tissue Tumors in Dogs
      • For More Information
    Immune Disorders of Dogs
    • The Immune System of Dogs
    • Immune System Responses in Dogs
      • Physical Barriers
      • Nonspecific Immunity
      • Specific Immunity
      • Mounting an Immune Response
      • Types of Immune System Disorders
        • Type I Reactions (Anaphylaxis)
        • Type II Reactions (Antibody-mediated Cytotoxic Reactions)
        • Type III Reactions (Immune Complex Disease)
        • Type IV Reactions (Cell-mediated Reactions)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders Involving Anaphylactic Reactions (Type I Reactions, Atopy) in Dogs
      • Anaphylactic Shock
      • Hives and Swelling
      • Allergic Rhinitis (Nasal Allergies)
      • Chronic Allergic Bronchitis
      • Eosinophilic Bronchopneumopathy (formerly known as PIE Syndrome [Pulmonary Infiltration with Eosinophilia])
      • Food Allergies
      • Skin Allergies (Atopy)
      • For More Information
    • Disorders Involving Cytotoxic Antibodies (Type II Reactions) in Dogs
      • Immune-mediated Hemolytic Anemia
      • Immune-mediated Thrombocytopenia
      • Autoimmune Skin Disorders
      • Myasthenia Gravis
      • For More Information
    • Disorders Involving Immune Complexes (Type III Reactions) in Dogs
      • Glomerulonephritis
      • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Lupus)
      • Vasculitis
      • Anterior Uveitis
      • Immune-mediated Arthritis
      • Immune-mediated Meningitis
      • For More Information
    • Disorders Involving Cell-mediated Immunity (Type IV Reactions) in Dogs
      • Granulomatous Reactions
      • Old Dog Encephalitis
      • Contact Hypersensitivity
      • Autoimmune Thyroiditis
      • Autoimmune Adrenalitis
      • Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, Keratitis Sicca)
      • For More Information
    • Immune-deficiency Diseases in Dogs
      • Deficiencies in Phagocytosis
      • Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
      • Complement Deficiency
      • Immunoglobulin (Antibody) Deficiency
      • Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
      • Selective Immunodeficiencies
      • Immunodeficiencies Caused by Viruses
      • For More Information
    • Immune System Tumors in Dogs
      • For More Information
    • Gammopathies in Dogs
    Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders of Dogs
    • The Urinary System of Dogs
    • Detecting Disorders of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract in Dogs
    • Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Urinary System in Dogs
      • Disorders of the Kidneys
        • Kidney Malformations
        • Failure to Develop
        • Polycystic Kidneys
        • Simple Kidney Cysts
        • Other Kidney Disorders
      • Disorders of the Ureters
        • Ectopic Ureter
        • Other Disorders of the Ureter
      • Disorders of the Bladder
        • Urachal Remnants
        • Other Disorders of the Bladder
      • Disorders of the Urethra
        • Hypospadias
        • Urethrorectal and Rectovaginal Fistulas
      • For More Information
    • Infectious Diseases of the Urinary System in Dogs
      • Bladder Infection
      • Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)
      • Interstitial Nephritis
      • Capillaria plica Infection
      • Giant Kidney Worm Infection
      • For More Information
    • Noninfectious Diseases of the Urinary System in Dogs
      • Kidney Dysfunction
        • Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure
        • Acute Kidney Injury
      • Glomerular Disease
        • Signs and Diagnosis
        • Treatment and Outlook
      • Renal Tubular Problems
        • Renal Tubular Acidosis
        • Fanconi Syndrome
      • Obstructions of the Urinary Tract
        • Signs and Diagnosis
        • Treatment
      • Tumors
        • Kidney Tumors
        • Lower Urinary Tract Tumors
      • Problems with Urination
        • Problems with Urine Storage
        • Problems with Urine Elimination
        • Neurologic Problems
        • Diagnosis and Treatment of Urination Problems
      • Urinary Stones (Uroliths, Calculi)
      • Urethral Obstruction
      • For More Information
    Lung and Airway Disorders of Dogs
    • Introduction to Lung and Airway Disorders of Dogs
      • Causes of Lung and Airway Disorders
      • Diagnosing Lung and Airway Disorders
      • Control of Respiratory Conditions
      • General Treatment of Lung and Airway Disorders
      • For More Information
    • Accumulation of Fluid or Air in the Chest Cavity in Dogs
    • Allergic Pneumonitis in Dogs
    • Bronchitis in Dogs
    • Cancers and Tumors of the Lung and Airway in Dogs
      • Tumors of the Nose and Sinuses
      • Tumors of the Larynx and Trachea
      • Primary Lung Tumors
      • Metastatic Lung Tumors
      • For More Information
    • Canine Nasal Mites
    • Diaphragmatic Hernia in Dogs
    • Emphysema in Dogs
    • Kennel Cough (Infectious Tracheobronchitis) in Dogs
    • Laryngitis in Dogs
    • Lung Flukes in Dogs
    • Lungworm Infection in Dogs
      • Other Lungworms
      • For More Information
    • Paralysis of the Larynx in Dogs
    • Pharyngitis in Dogs
    • Pneumonia in Dogs
      • Aspiration Pneumonia
      • Fungal Pneumonia
      • For More Information
    • Pulmonary Edema in Dogs
    • Rhinitis and Sinusitis in Dogs
    • Tonsillitis in Dogs
    • Tracheal Collapse in Dogs
    • Tracheobronchitis (Bronchitis) in Dogs
      • Infectious Tracheobronchitis of Dogs (Kennel Cough)
      • For More Information
    • Canine Influenza (Flu)
    • Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Dogs
    Metabolic Disorders of Dogs
    • Introduction to Metabolic Disorders of Dogs
      • Metabolic Storage Disorders
      • Production-related Metabolic Disorders
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of Calcium Metabolism in Dogs
      • Puerperal Hypocalcemia
      • Hypocalcemia in Critically Ill or Injured Dogs
      • For More Information
    • Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism in Dogs
    • Fatigue and Exercise in Dogs
    • Fever of Unknown Origin in Dogs
      • Body Temperature Regulation
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • For More Information
    • Malignant Hyperthermia in Dogs
      • Treatment and Prevention
    Reproductive Disorders of Dogs
    • Introduction to Reproductive Disorders of Dogs
    • The Gonads and Genital Tract of Dogs
      • The Ovaries
      • The Testes
      • The Female Genital Tract
      • The Male Genital Tract
      • For More Information
    • Management of Reproduction in Dogs
      • Pregnancy and Delivery
      • Problems Associated with Delivery
      • For More Information
    • Infertility in Dogs
    • Reproductive Disorders of Male Dogs
      • Cryptorchidism
      • Inflammation of the Testes and Epididymis
      • Inflammation of the Penis and Prepuce (Balanoposthitis)
      • Paraphimosis
      • Priapism
      • Phimosis
      • Disorders of the Prostate
        • Enlargement of the Prostate (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)
        • Prostatitis
        • Prostatic and Paraprostatic Cysts
        • Prostate Cancer
      • For More Information
    • Reproductive Disorders of Female Dogs
      • Abnormal or Difficult Birth (Dystocia)
      • False Pregnancy (Pseudopregnancy)
      • Follicular Cysts
      • Mastitis
      • Metritis
      • Ovarian Remnant Syndrome
      • Pyometra
      • Subinvolution of Placental Sites
      • Vaginal Overgrowth (Vaginal Prolapse, Vaginal Hyperplasia)
      • Vaginitis
      • For More Information
    • Mammary (Breast) Tumors in Dogs
    • Brucellosis in Dogs
    • Transmissible Venereal Tumor in Dogs
    Doenças de pele em cães
    • Estrutura da pele em cães
      • Epiderme
      • Zona da membrana basal
      • Derme
      • Anexos cutâneos
      • Hipoderme
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Dermatite e problemas dermatológicos em cães
    • Diagnóstico de doenças de pele em cães
    • Tratamento de doenças de pele em cães
    • Doenças de pele congênitas e hereditárias em cães
      • Doenças de pele congênitas
      • Perda de pelos hereditária (alopecia)
      • Síndromes de crescimento cutâneo anormal (síndromes hiperplásicas e seborreicas)
      • Anormalidades pigmentares
      • Defeitos de integridade estrutural
      • Distúrbios multissistêmicos que afetam a pele
      • Tumores de pele congênitos e hereditários
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Alergias em cães
      • Alergias aerógenas (atopia ou dermatite atópica canina)
      • Alergias alimentares
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Abscessos entre os dedos (furunculose interdigital) em cães
    • Dermatofilose em cães
    • Complexo de granuloma eosinofílico em cães
    • Pulgas em cães
      • Transmissão e ciclo de vida
      • Dermatite alérgica à picada de pulga
      • Métodos de controle de pulgas
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Moscas e mosquitos em cães
      • Moscas que picam
      • Borrachudos (moscas-negras)
      • Infestação por larvas de mosca-berneira (bernes, cuterebriose)
      • Moscas lambe-olhos
      • Tábanos (moscas-dos-cavalos), mutucas (moscas-dos-veados) e outras moscas de animais de grande porte
      • Larvas (miíase, infestação por moscas)
        • Bicheira (miíase por larvas screwworm)
      • Mosquitos
      • Mosquitos-palha
      • Moscas-dos-estábulos
      • Moscas tsé-tsé
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Perda de pelos (alopecia) em cães
    • Urticária e erupções cutâneas em cães
    • Higromas em cães
    • Hiperpigmentação (acantose nigricans) em cães
    • Coceira (prurido) em cães
    • Piolhos em cães
    • Infestação por ácaros (sarna, acariose, escabiose) em cães
      • Sarna canina (sarna sarcóptica)
      • Ácaros da orelha (sarna otodécica)
      • Caspa ambulante (queiletielose)
      • Demodicose canina
      • Trombiculose
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Dermatoses nasais em cães
    • Vermes parasitas da pele em cães
      • Infecção por Dracunculus
      • Dermatite por Pelodera
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Fotossensibilização em cães
    • Pioderma em cães
    • Micose (dermatofitose) em cães
    • Seborreia em cães
      • Sinais e diagnóstico
      • Tratamento
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Carrapatos em cães
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Tumores de pele em cães
      • Tumores da glândula apócrina do saco anal
      • Tumores basocelulares e carcinomas
      • Tumores fibroblásticos benignos
      • Tumores benignos não virais semelhantes a verrugas
      • Tumores dos vasos sanguíneos
      • Epiteliomas cornificantes
      • Tumores de folículos pilosos
      • Tumores histiocíticos
      • Cistos cutâneos queratinizados
      • Lipomas e lipossarcomas
      • Tumores linfoides cutâneos
      • Tumores mastocitários
      • Melanomas
      • Tumores de glândulas perianais (hepatoides)
      • Tumores da bainha do nervo periférico
      • Tumores das glândulas sebáceas
      • Tumores do músculo liso da pele
      • Tumores de células gigantes dos tecidos moles (histiocitomas fibrosos)
      • Sarcomas de tecidos moles
      • Carcinomas de células escamosas
      • Tumores das glândulas sudoríparas
      • Tumores que se originam fora da pele (tumores metastáticos)
      • Sarcomas indiferenciados e anaplásicos
      • Verrugas (papilomas)
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Distúrbios sistêmicos que afetam a pele em cães
    Distúrbios que afetam múltiplos sistemas corporais em cães
    • Introdução aos distúrbios que afetam múltiplos sistemas corporais em cães
    • Distúrbios congênitos e hereditários que afetam múltiplos sistemas corporais em cães
      • Fatores genéticos
      • Fatores ambientais
    • Actinobacilose em cães
    • Actinomicose em cães
    • Amiloidose em cães
    • Antraz em cães
    • Botulismo em cães
    • Cinomose canina (doença das almofadas duras)
    • Herpesvírus canino
    • Ehrlichiose e infecções relacionadas em cães
    • Enterotoxemia em cães
    • Infecções fúngicas em cães
      • Aspergilose
        • Aspergilose nasal
        • Aspergilose disseminada
      • Candidíase
      • Coccidioidomicose (febre do vale)
      • Criptococose
      • Geotricose
      • Histoplasmose
      • Micetomas
      • Blastomicose
      • Oomicose (pitiose e lagenidiose)
      • Feo-hifomicose
      • Rinosporidiose
      • Esporotricose
      • Para obter mais informações
    • Mormo (farcy) em cães
    • Hepatite infecciosa canina
    • Leishmaniose (leishmaniose visceral) em cães
    • Leptospirose em cães
    • Doença de Lyme (borreliose de Lyme) em cães
    • Melioidose em cães
    • Neosporose em cães
    • Nocardiose em cães
    • Peritonite em cães
    • Peste em cães
    • Febre maculosa das Montanhas Rochosas (febre do carrapato) em cães
    • Doença do envenenamento por salmão e febre do trematódeo Elokomin em cães
    • Tétano em cães
    • Toxoplasmose em cães
    • Triquinelose (triquinose) em cães
    • Tuberculose em cães
    • Tularemia (febre do coelho) em cães
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